The Future of Nursing in an Evolving Health Care System Essay

The Future of Nursing in an Evolving Health Care System - Essay Example Furthermore, it will make the population lose their trust on the healthcare system. The maturing nursing workforce, low unemployment, and the worldwide nature of this deficiency intensify the ordinary elements that help nursing deficiencies. In order to sustain change and a sufficient supply of nurses, arrangements must be made in few areas, i.e. training, health care frameworks, approaches, and regulations. There are two primary strategies that have been utilized to address the inconsistency between the supply and demand in nursing. These are expanded nursing system enlistment, and the importation of nurses from different countries. Apparently, these interventions have not been able to make any changes; given the desperate circumstances other countries nursing pools likewise impart (Janiszewski, 2003). As scientists analyze what inspires nurses to stay in their current workplaces, they have come up with the following: saw self-rule, workload, distinguishing, planning, administrations authority abilities, home obligations, and peer connections in the work environment affect a medical attendants choice to remain in duty (Kimball & ONeal, 2002). However, this shortage is not exclusively a nursings issue and obliges a community oriented exertion among nursing pioneers and health care administrators, government, and the

Family contribution to social stability

Family contribution to social stability Family contribution to social stability Social stability entails state of completeness, where life is balanced in terms of good wages, lifestyle, amenities, freedom and prosperity. The family as an institution can contribute highly into this state of life through several ways. Programs such as family-life ambassadors can help insert skills into families, in an attempt to cultivate social stability (Wardle, 2002). Other programs such as family-life champions or organized family talks, resource speakers and school family education may assist in instilling vital skills needed in establishing social stability in families. For instance, school family education, may assist parents to acquire reliable skills in family running. Another way that families have contributed to social stability is by holding religious values with high esteem. As such people are equipped with Godly values which promote social stability by enhancing disciplinary virtues drawn from religious living. For example, an individual positive behavior is enhanced by the religious doctrines or even life virtues. Similarly, family strength and unity is highly upheld. Under British lifestyle, religious based individuals most probably have stable marriages, report low levels of divorce and singlehood (Melin Blom, 2000). This will instigate marriage satisfaction, hence high marital stability and low poverty levels are witnessed. Morality and sound thinking is highly promoted by religious beliefs, reducing deviant behaviors such as suicide, drug abuse, teenage pregnancies and sexual permissiveness, among others. A family as an institution in the society provides a reliable home for growing children. It provides shelter, food, clothing and other social needs. When this is done, the possibility of children growing to be undisciplined is low, since they have a place to belong to and have almost everything that they require. For instance, in the case of street children, they will tend to engage in criminal activities such as smuggling and robbery among others, and this may lead to social instability .Such children need to be offered a place to belong to through proper care by possibly adoption procedures. For example, In Britain family stability has reported continuous decline such that children and adults are always faced with fractured or dysfunctional families thus instigating the possibility if having unstable society. About 15% of all babies born in conservative culture in Britain are brought-up with no resident father (Wardle, 2002). In this case, parenting education and relationship progr ams may assist in social stability .Other approaches may include raising UKs care incentives in a bid to motivate the child caretakers to positively bring-up the children in socially acceptable ways. If such positive upbringing fails, the parentless children are likely into various social evils thus destabilizing social stability. In addition, if the government is to support these children a lot of funds may be expended in rehabilitation centers in stead of instituting social development programs beneficial in stabilizing the wellbeing of the entire society. Economically, the wealth of a country is highly dependant on the family, in terms of the human capital (Melin Blom, 2000). Strength of the economy highly depends on family stability because of the social ethical basis taught through social virtues and values. This way the entire family plays a vital role in stabilizing the society both economically as well as morally or socially. In conclusion, family cohesiveness and moral strength is a high contributor to social stability. Positive parenting, various education programs at family level, role modeling and social awareness created at family level enhances social stability. A family also contributes to the labor mobility behaviors as a result of its effects on employment levels thus averting social instability associated with unemployment issues. References Melin, H Blom, R. (2000). Streaming towards social stability. Vilnius, Lithuania: Lithuanian Institute of Philosophy and Sociology Press. Wardle, L. (2002). Fundamental principles of family. London, UK: John-Wiley Sons Publishers.

TEMPEST Essay -- essays research papers

The Other in the Tempest In order to understand the characters in a play, we have to be able to distinguish what exactly makes them different. In the case of The Tempest, Caliban, the sub-human slave is governed largely by his senses, making him the animal that he is portrayed to be and Prospero is governed by sound mind, making him human. Caliban responds to nature as his instinct is to follow it. Prospero, on the other hand, follows the art of justifiable rule. Even though it is easy to start assessing The Tempest in view of a colonialist gaze, I have chosen instead to concentrate on viewing Caliban as the monster he is portrayed to be, due to other characters that are not human, but are treated in a more humane fashion than Caliban. Before we meet Caliban, we meet Ariel, Prospero’s trusting spirit. Even though Ariel is not human either, he is treated kindly and lovingly by his master who calls him â€Å"my quaint Ariel.† Caliban, on the other hand, is called a â€Å"tortoise† and a â €Å"poisonous slave† by Prospero. As Caliban enters in Act 1 Scene 2, we realise his fury at both Prospero and Miranda. He is rude and insulting and Prospero replies with threats of torture. Prospero justifies his punishment of Caliban by his anger at the attempted rape of his daughter, something Caliban shows no remorse for. Miranda distinguishes herself from Caliban by calling him â€Å"a thing most brutish† and inadvertently, a thing that has only bad natures. She calls his speech â€Å"gabble,† but doesn’t stop to wonder whether it was she that didn’t understand him because she didn’t know how to speak his language. Surely Caliban communicated verbally with his mother for the twelve years before Prospero killed her? It seems that Prospero and Miranda expect Caliban to be grateful for the knowledge of their language, but Caliban has just learned â€Å"how to curse† and justifies his anger by claiming rights to the island. Even thou gh they obviously detest each other, Prospero needs him, as he tells Miranda: â€Å"We cannot miss him: he does make our fire/Fetch in our wood, and serves in offices/That profit us†¦,† Caliban stays on because he is afraid of Prospero’s â€Å"art†¦of such power,† making Prospero the feared conqueror ad dictator. Prospero is the â€Å"right duke of Milan† and Caliban is the â€Å"savage and deformed slave.† They represent two different extremes on the social spectrum: that of the natural ruler,... ...e will let Stephano rule- showing himself to be naturally ruled, not ruler. At the end of the play, when he recognises that his choice of Stephano as ruler was foolish, it is not mental reasoning that has led him to this conclusion, but the evidence of his senses and experience. Caliban had mid enough to function as part of society, but training him to become part of that society cannot be abstract, like Prospero’s failed attempt at educating him with Miranda – Caliban’s education must be practical and hammered home with his own senses. If the senses represent something natural and the mind represents an art like knowledge or in Prospero’s case, magic, then we can say that Caliban represents Nature and Prospero Art. While the need for control over nature is asserted continually, the ending suggests that art must ultimately come to terms with nature (hence Prospero’s â€Å"this thing of darkness I/Acknowledge mine†); for while Caliban†™s limitations are apparent, his wish to improve himself is promising, and his new relationship with Prospero seems to be more stable and more reassuring than the resentment-filled and extremely uneasy jailer-prisoner/master-slave relationship shown earlier

How Does the Phonology of a One Year Old Differ

How does the phonology of a one year old differ from that of a two-three year old? Describe the main changes to be expected over the first year of word use. A child between one and three years undergoes considerable development in their phonological ability (Ingram, 1986). They adopt specific phonological processes and it will be explored when and how children use these to attain accurate pronunciations and how individual differences affect phonological development. Grunwell (1981) suggests that the first six months of productive language development (0. 9-1. years) is word-based, because of the limited phonetic variants and progressive changes in pronunciation. However, he suggests 1. 6-2. 0 years is the end of the first stage of speech development, which is co-occurrent with the achievement of an active vocabulary of 50 words. Menn & Vihman (2011) suggest that these early words parallel babbling, in that they are characterised by unmarked elements and structures, such as plosives, nasals and glides; simple vowels and CV structures. This stage of development in a child’s inventory may be characterised as a ‘proto-system’, as the child-forms do not resemble adult words (Grunwell, 1981).However, the child’s early phonetic inventory (table 1) suggests that the child has a basic contrastive system and indicates that their phonological system has commenced, which will see an increase in new words and the emergence of two-word utterances (Grunwell, 1981). m| n| p b| t d| w| | Table 1: A phonetic inventory of a child 1. 6-2. 0 years (Grunwell, 1981). Grunwell (1981) presents a ‘chronology of phonological processes’ (p175) which reflects a child’s phonological development in terms of the disappearance of simplifying processes between 2. 0-4. years. These processes are summarised in table 2 and show that reduplication and consonant harmony are the only structural simplification processes outgrown by age two, which agree wi th the findings of Vihman & Greenlee (1987). Structural simplification is generally typical of the earlier stage of phonological development (Vihman, 2004). However, phonological processes; final consonant deletion, cluster reduction, fronting, gliding and stopping are regularly used by children until nearly age three, with less consistent use thereafter (Vihman et al, 1986).Vihman (2004) states that half of her three-year-old subjects used gliding and palatal fronting, but the substitution of inter-dental fricatives were regularly used by all subjects and are associated with the highest frequency of errors. Table 2 suggests that velar fronting in particular is the first systemic simplification to be outgrown, at 2. 6 years. Despite this, it shows that obstruents do not occur in a child’s inventory until age three, and that these must be mastered before obstruent and liquid clusters can be produced correctly (Vihman, 2004).Vihman & Greenlee (1987) show that the specific phone tic tendencies found at age one seem to be unrelated to the phonological errors at age three and suggest that phonetic preferences change over time. Vihman (2004) suggests that children with an exploratory approach to phonological development explore a wide range of sounds at age one and were more likely to delete consonants at age three, whereas children with a systematic approach constrain their word selection patterns at age one and are less likely to use whole-word processes at age three (Vihman, 2004).However, Vihman & Greenlee (1987) show that 73% of children’s utterances at age three were judged intelligible, which correlates with lower phonological error scores. In conclusion, individual differences are a significant in ones phonological system and problematic in generalising ‘normal’ developments. However, a three year old child will have overall relative phonological advance (Vihman & Greenlee, 1987) and the majority of simplifying phonological processe s used at age one will no longer apply regularly (Vihman, 2004). References Grunwell, P. 1981) The development of Phonology: A Desciptive Profile. First Language. 2: 161-191 Ingram, D (1986) Ch10: Phonological Development: Production. In Fletcher, P & Garman, M. Language acquisition pp223-239 CUP: UK 2nd Edition Menn, L. & Vihman, M. M. (2011) Part V: Features in Phonological development: Features in Child Phonology: Inherent, Emergent, or Artefacts of Analysis? In Clements, N. G & Ridouane, R (Ed) Where do Phonological Features Come From? Cognitive, Physical and developmental bases of distinctive speech categories. John Benjamins Publishing Company. p259-303 Vihman, M. M (2004) Ch3: Later Phonological Development. In Bernthal, J. E & Bankson, N. W, Articulation and Phonological Disorders, pp105-138. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall. 5th Edition. Vihman, M. M. , Ferguson, A. & Elbert, M (1986) Phonological development from babbling to speech: common tendencies and individual diff erences. Applied Pyscholinguistics, 7: 3-40 Vihman, M. M. & Greenlee, M. (1987) Individual Differences in Phonological Development: Ages one and three years Journal of speech and hearing research. 30: 503-521

Minimising faiulures in the homeland intelligence security Essay

An intelligence community is a group or a coalition of organisation in the United State of America. It is part of the executive branch that is autonomous and works indipendently in matters related to security and investigation of crimes. The intelligence community is accountable to the president, the policy makers and other senior departments in the government of the united states to collect and gather the necessary information to ensure maximum security is maintained within the country as part of executing their mandate (Noftsinger at el, 2007). The intelligence community has a definate method of carrying out their duties. The first step involves the identification of the problem that need to be sorted as a matter of security concern. Then a plan is laid on how the process is to go and the necessary data is collected. The collected data is put under scrutiny and strictly analysed by the intelligence experts. Later a report is compiled giving the reccomedations and suggestions regarding the security concern matter. The report is then given to the president or the policy makers or even the millitary commanders depending on who required the investigation. However the intelligence community and especially the homeland intelligence security has not been without failures. To decreas the number of these failures the secrecy within the intelligence agents becomes very critical (Kivett, 2006). In this case the transmission of information from one point to the other should be guarded to the maximum to ensure that no leakage of information takes place. Consequently it is prefferd that information should not be transmitted at all if it is not secured. Nevertheless, the secrecy that should be maintained is not wholly on all facets of the government. The intelligence community needs to share some neccessary ideas with other experts and organisations all over. The sharing of corporate ideas does not pose any danger to the security agencies as it reveals more of the other rival intention. Sharing of ideas should only be restricted for the millitary concepts and guarding as well as security matters. Sharing of technological knowhow does not make the rival better than the intelligence community agencies in place (Beyer, 2004). The intelligence community in the united state have been very keen on the collection and sharing of the information. But the major failure is now involving connecting and understanding the intelligence. This failure can be reduced by ensuring that all high priority threats investigation are specifically and stictly assigned so that the responsibility can be shouldered on certain capacities. The investigation should be a an all time process. A gap also exists between the report by the inteligence community and the distribution of that information therefore leading to a failure in the intelligence service. This failure can be reduced by ensuring that any report which has potential threat is distributed more effectivelly and measures taken. Furthermore the analytical process for the reports given should be strengthened with the incorporation of the intelligence experts to enhace more reliable information for execution. A failure in the homeland security intelligence is also experienced due to the lack of up to date technological equipments. This leaves a gap for the threats and should be reduced by more advenced explosive detection capabilities at all points of interaction with other nations like the airports, the ports, and the boarder. For this to come to reality a great investment by the U. S government need to be done for the installations. The homeland intelligence security should also improve aviation screaning and security towards the international partnership. An improvement in the organisational or agencies system is also important for information to move smoothly and timely for actions to be taken before the damage occurs.

The process of european union integrated border management The WritePass Journal

The process of european union integrated border management Introduction The process of european union integrated border management Introduction1. The Concept of the Schengen2. The Integration of the Schengen Acquis into the European Union3. Towards Integrated Border ManagementConclusionRelated Introduction 1. The Concept of the Schengen For the establishment of a common market, the abolition of any obstacles on the mobility of people was deemed to be a necessary pre-condition (Carrera, 2005, p. 700). According to Gogou (2006, p. 2) there are two parallel and competing methods for achieving the free movement of persons: the intergovernmental cooperation and the community approach. Member States introduced informal regular structures for the exchange of information on internal security problems since the mid-1970s (Gogou, 2006, p. 2-3).   As a first step, the member states developed the structure of Terrorism, Radicalism, Extremism, and International Violence Group, or TREVI Group. It was set up in 1975 and comprised interior and justice ministers as well as police chiefs (Edwards Meyer, 2008, p. 8). It was initially a forum for exchanging information regarding organised crime and terrorism (Casale, 2008, p. 50). The TREVI Group lasted until 1992, when it was replaced by the provisions of the Maastricht Third Pillar involving immigration and asylum, policing, customs and legal co-operation (Casale, 2008, p. 50). On the other hand, intergovernmental co-operation between EU Member States regarding issues of external border security started in a systematic way in the second half of the 1980s within the Schengen context (Monar, 2006, p. 193). France, Germany, Belgium, Luxembourg and the Netherlands decided to create a territory without internal borders in 1985 (Haider, 2002, p. 473). The purpose of the Schengen Area was to bring people closer together in a Europe without visible internal borders. The aim was to allow for the free movement of people and goods by removing all controls at the common borders of the participating states (Batt, 2003, p. 5-6). The Schengen Agreement increased the freedom of movement of people between countries that have implemented the agreement by abolishing passport controls; in addition, visitors to the Schengen Area require only one visa that is good for all Schengen countries (Bogdanyi Lewis, 2008, p. 1). On the other hand, the EU set up a ‘three-pillar’ system of decision-making under the Maastricht treaty (1992). The first pillar contained the EU’s single market and other policy areas where the European Commission has the right to draft laws (Brady Barysch, 2007, p. 5). The Maastricht Treaty created the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), as the 2nd pillar and the inter-governmental Justice and Home Affairs (JHA), as the 3rd pillar of the EU (Bomberg Peterson Stubb, 2008, p. 2). The third pillar, for JHA, originally covered EU cooperation in four policy areas: policing, criminal justice, immigration and asylum, and border management (Brady Barysch, 2007, p. 5). The actual Schengen Convention was ratified in June 1990 and came into effect in March of 1995, by which time several other states had agreed to the EU framework including Italy, Spain, and Portugal (Michael, 2008, p. 3). The Convention contained more general provisions on police cooperation, extradition, other issues of criminal justice cooperation, on narcotic drugs, firearms and the Schengen Information System (SIS) (Gogou, 2006, p. 3). SIS was established in the Schengen Convention (Title IV). The SIS came into effect in 1995 (Michael, 2008, p. 3). The SIS was developed to enable the authorities designated by each Member State to have access by an automated search procedure to alerts on persons and property for the purpose of border checks and other police and customs checks (Carrera, 2005, p. 7). Member states supply information to the system through national networks (N-SIS) connected to a central system (C-SIS), and this IT system is supplemented by a network known as SIRENE (Supplementary Information Request at the National Entry) (Rowan, 2009, p. 237). In 2001 SIS was expanded into SIS I+ in response to the inclusion of the Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland, and in 2007 SISone4all was put in place to manage the enlargement of the Schengen Area to encompass nine of the countries that acceded to the EU in 2004 (Czech republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia) (Parkin, 2009, p. 4). Second generation of the SIS II is currently under development under the responsibility of the European Commission. Its deployment is currently planned in the first quarter of 2013 (Hartmann, 2010, p. 5). Monar (2006, p. 193) points out that Schengen system was based on the idea that common standards, procedures and even certain common instruments such as the SIS. Intergovernmental cooperation had advantages for Member States. They could escape any form of political control by the European Parliament (Gogou, 2006, p. 3-4) and jurisdictional control of the European Court of Justice or other social actors (Rosonow, 2009, p. 141). 2. The Integration of the Schengen Acquis into the European Union Schengen Acquis was transferred into the European Union framework on 1 May 1999 with the Treaty of Amsterdam, the Schengen area was expanded step by step beyond the original five member states (Lavenex, 2009, p. 1). Indeed external borders policies were transferred from the Third Pillar to (First Pillar) Title IV TEC named Visas, asylum, immigration and other policies related to free movement of persons (TEC Articles 62-69). Therefore, these matters therefore do not belong to national policies and legislation at the individual level (Tanguay Therrien, 2010, p. 4). The Treaty of Lisbon of 2009 significantly amended the provisions of the articles in Title IV TEC, renamed the title to Area of Freedom, Security and Justice and introduced into EU primary law the concept of an integrated management system for external borders. Articles 77-80 TFEU replaced Articles 62-69 TEC as the legal base for any measure dealing with visas and borders (Hartmann, 2010, p. 1). Article 77 (ex Article 62 TEC) provides the absence of any controls on persons, whatever their nationality, when crossing internal borders; carrying out checks on persons and efficient monitoring of the crossing of external borders; and the gradual introduction of an integrated management system for external borders. This development was crucial. According to Gogou (2006, p. 4) the Amsterdam Treaty put an end to the competition between intergovernmental cooperation and community approach for the implementation of the Schengen rules. The integration of the Schengen into the EU framework has resulted in special arrangements for three EU member states. The UK and Ireland had specific protocols which allow them to opt out of EU common policies concerning Schengen and the area of freedom security and justice (Duff, 2008, p. 5). The reasons for opt out; that the UK, as an island, has a comparative advantage in the field of border politics. Therefore, the government maintains that based on its geographic location the UK’s immigration control is reduced to certain main ports of entry such as airport, seaports, and the Channel tunnel. Joining Schengen would mean significant changes in UK border politics (Wiener, 1999, p. 446). â€Å"British governments maintains that police-free borders would be tantamount to throwing open the door for international criminals† (BBC, 1997). However, these countries have possibility to opt-in at a later stage, adopt and implement certain or all of the Schengen clauses at any time on the basis of an enabling Council Decision (Gogou, 2006, p. 6-7). At the same time, the UK and Ireland participated in the Schengen aspects that are not related to border control, such as the SIS with the exception of alerts relating to third country nationals (Parkin, 2011, p. 4). On the other hand, Denmark is a member of Schengen, but has a special arrangement. The Protocol on the Position of Denmark grants this Member State an opt-out from Title IV TEC which is in substance and procedures very similar to the British and Irish. However, Danish case is obviously more complicated because Denmark is a member of Schengen. Denmark has six months time to decide whether it will implement any Council decision building on the Schengen Acquis into national law (Monar, 1999, p. 12-13). Gogou, (2006, p. 7) claims that the effect of this regime is clearly to bypass the jurisdictional control of the European Court of Justice, and has an impact on community law in the area of the implementation of the Danish decision to opt-in. On the other hand, candidate states were not being offered the opportunity to negotiate similarly flexible arrangements like the UK, Ireland, and Denmark (Grabbe, 2000, p. 503). Poungh (2003, p. 648) stresses that new members have to comply with Schengen Acquis in full before benefiting from the advantages in terms of abolition of internal border controls and free movement of persons (as cited in Rowan, 2009, p. 237). At present, 22 EU Member States and 3 Non-EU states are part of the Schengen Area. Belgium, France, Germany, Luxembourg, the Netherlands, Portugal and Spain implemented the Schengen agreement in 1995. They were followed by Italy and Austria in 1997, Greece in 2000, and Denmark, Sweden, Finland, Norway and Iceland in 2001(Norway and Iceland are not in the EU). Nine more EU countries joined in 2007, after the EUs eastward enlargement in 2004. They are: the Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Lithuania, Latvia, Malta, Poland, Slovakia and Slovenia. Switzerland, which is not in the EU, implemented the agreement in December 2008 (BBC, 2011a). There is no date yet for Cyprus, which joined the EU in 2004, or for Bulgaria and Romania, which joined in 2007. Bulgaria and Romania have to fulfil a series of requirements. Andorra, and San Marino are not part of Schengen, but they no longer have checks at their borders (BBC, 2011a). Liechtenstein signed a protocol on the accession to the implementation of the Schengen Acquis on 28 February, 2008. The official Schengen incorporation is expected in the second half of 2011 (Liechtenstein, 2011). Schengen Area consists of 25 European countries, covering a population of over 400 million people and an area of 4,312,099 km ² with 10,000 km ² of land borders, 50,000 km ² of sea borders and 1,792 official border-crossing points (Hartmann, 2010, p. 6). 3. Towards Integrated Border Management Member States expressed the political will to reinforce their policy in particular for the management of external borders. The Laeken European Council of 14-15 December 2001already recognised that ‘better management of the Union’s external border controls will help in the fight against terrorism, illegal immigration networks and the traffic in human beings (Hobbing, 2006b, p. 169). The Eurpean Council asked the Council and the European Commission to work out ‘arrangements for co-operation between services responsible for external border control and to examine the conditions in which a mechanism or common services to control external borders could be created’ (Council of the European Union 2001, Conclusion No. 42 of the Laeken Council.). This represented a revolution, a first breakthrough, in EU-history, of Member States’ monopoly in implementing and enforcing EU legislation at the borders. (Hobbing, 2006b, p. 169). Commission called for a more â€Å"coherent strategy† on European border management and identified as a core element of the latter the creation of a European border guard. (Carrera, 2010, p.2). The conclusion of the European Council initiated a discussion on a new topic called ‘integrated border management. (Hobbing, 2006, p.1). On the basis of the Council conclusions and in order to respond to the new challenge of the enlargement, a ‘Catalogue of recommendations for the correct application of the Schengen acquis and best practices for external border controls, removal and readmission’ was elaborated by the Council on February 2002. It is a practical instrument listing a series of measures for the correct implementation of the Schengen rules and dressing up a non exhaustive set of working methods for its optimal application. (Gogou, 2006, p. 11). The Commission built upon the Council’s request and released a communication entitled â€Å"Towards integrated border management of the external borders of the member states of the European Union† on 7 May 2002. (Communication to the Council and the European Parliament, Brussels, 7 May 2002, COM (2002) 233 final, 28p). , this Communication proposed a gradual move towards an ‘integrated management’ of external borders, which would start with a consolidation and codification of common rules and standards for external border controls. (Monar, 2006, p. 195).It would continue, inter alia, with the creation of an ‘External borders practitioners’ common unit’ and various other co-operation mechanisms, leading then to financial burden-sharing mechanisms, and, finally, to a ‘European Corps of Border Guards’. (Monar, 2006, p. 196). In a similar fashion, in June 2002 the Seville European Council on 21–22 June 2002 Council adopted the action plan for the (Carrera, 2010, p. 3). management of the external borders of the member states of the European Union,17 where for the first time it confirmed its political willingness to seriously consider the European Border Guard proposal. (Carrera, 2010, p. 4). In the action plan, the Council also stressed that this common corps would not be destined to replace national services but only to support them. (Carrera, 2010, p. 4). European Border Guard was also presented as a key institutional tool to foster the principle of solidarity and a fair sharing of responsibility between the old and new EU member states. The initiative, however, was received with cold reactions by countries such as Poland and Slovenia, which expressed concern in relation to its potential impact over their national sovereignty and constitutional prerogatives. (Hobbing, 2006, p. 163).   On the basis of the 2002 Action Plan significant progress has been made towards the ‘integrated management’ of external borders through enhanced operational cooperation and coordination between national border guard forces, institutionalisation of the cooperation process regarding external borders, and burden-sharing in the domain of external border controls. (Monar, 2006, p. 200). According to Monar (2006, p. 196) there are different possible models for a European Border Guard, which are ultimately based on different political concepts on how far ‘integration’ should go in the area of external border controls. These models can be summarised as follows: (Monar, 2006, p. 196). The first model which may be called the ‘integrated force model’ would involve the creation, surely only in a longer-term perspective, of an integrated border guard force under the authority of the Council. It would have a common command structure and common training and equipment standards, financed through the EU budget. It would also be vested with full law enforcement powers at external borders, partially or (eventually) totally replacing national border police forces. (Monar, 2006, p. 196-7). The second model which may be called the ‘network model’ would mean the creation of a European Border Guard as a network of national border guard units. According to this model units would continue to exist as separate national forces, but they would be subject to common instructions issued by a Council body and based on common training and equipment standards. Certain parts of the national border guards could be trained and equipped to constitute a contingency reserve (or ‘rapid response force’) consisting of national units able to merge into joint units, and capable of being deployed at particular ‘hot spots’ at external borders upon request and approval by the Council body. (Monar, 2006, p. 197). It appears that the first model would be the most easy and efficient. However, it is believed that would be the most difficult to implement. According to Monar (2006, p.197) there are political obstacle. Most Member States are reluctant to create any supranational body in the law enforcement field, and to confer law enforcement powers within their area on officials from other Member States. Also the new Central and Eastern European Member States got back their full national sovereignty only at the end of the Cold War, most of these new Member States are wary of the creation of further supranational structures at the EU level restricting their sovereignty. The integrated force model would require considerable changes to national legislation, and constitution. An integrated force would need to be created through the merger of national forces, which up to now are marked by major differences in terms of tasks, structures, training and equipment. Integrated border guard force will cause the language problems. The UK House of Lords report (2003) highlighted the â€Å"danger of misunderstanding as a result of languages and other differences†. (Carrera, 2010, p. 5). On the other hand, the second ‘network’ model would clearly be easier to implement. Under the network model (Monar, 2006, p. 198). However, according to Monar (2006, p.198) there are number of specific problems with the network model of a European Border Guard. Under this model, national forces would continue to exist. Therefore the effectiveness of the network would heavily depend on all of these separate forces implementing external border control standards and procedures as uniformly as possible in line with the common guidelines issued by the Council body. Also Member States are most likely to resist any major changes to their national services in charge of border controls, especially if these are perceived to be costly and contrary to well established national traditions. (Monar, 2006, p. 198). However, this model would require a major effort in training, language learning and standardisation of equipment. The Greek Presidency at the European Council in Thessaloniki in June 2003, the Member States agreed, on 16 October 2004, on the establishment of an Agency for the Management of Operational Cooperation at the External Borders (Treaty Establishing a Constitution for Europe 2004). (Monar, 2006, p. 204). FRONTEX Agency was set up in order to promote integrated border management. (Jorry, 2007, p.8). The EU acquis on external borders, and its IBM, are now part of the main legal, institutional and financial foundations. Since 2005, Frontex has been in charge of coordinating operational cooperation among the border services of the EU member states.42 (Carrera, 2010, p.8) One year later Frontex’s activities were complemented by the adoption of the Community Code on the rules governing the movement of persons across the borders (the SBC),43 which offers a more transparent and common set of harmonised rules and procedures for crossing the external borders of the EU.44 This has been accompanied by the adoption of the external borders fund in 2007,45 which has been politically presented as a key component of the principle of solidarity on (Carrera, 2010, p. 8) border controls in an enlarged EU by financing border-crossing infrastructure, equipment and projects as well as the exchange and training of staff. (Carrera, 2010, p. 9). The SBC has also codified a common European understanding of the ways in which border controls should be carried out across the Union, which has had deep repercussions regarding ‘who’ is to be considered a border guard and the kinds of activities and tasks falling under the scope of external border controls in Europe. (Carrera, 2010, p. 9). Conclusion Consequently, IBM rules cannot easily be located within just one framework; they are spread across a number of legal and administrative instruments. They represent a multi-layered compilation of provisions, with only the basic ones found in formal legal texts such as the Treaty on the European Community or the Schengen instruments of 1985-90, while much of the rest has been adopted through informal arrangements, e.g. the Common Manual on external borders adopted by the Schengen Executive Committee (Council of the European Union, 2002a) and the Catalogue of Best Practices drawn up by the Working Party on Schengen Evaluation.17 (Hobbing, 2006, p.165).

Protecting innovation methods The WritePass Journal

Protecting innovation methods Introduction Protecting innovation methods IntroductionProtecting Innovation MethodsCopyrightTrademark Trade Secret Bibliography Related Introduction Protecting Innovation Methods Wholly Proprietary Systems are those focused on technology that is company owned and protected through patents, copyrights, secrecy or other mechanisms. The following methods that Everything Everywhere are currently applying to protect its innovation are: Copyright Trademark Trade secret Copyright Copyrights are becoming one of the most essential methods to protect innovation due to the advances of new technology, the reasoning behind this is because of the economy rising rapidly relying on the storage, conveying and managing the information. However the restrictions imposed on the efficiency of the copyright make it more difficult to maintain the regulation. For instance copyright laws have been unsuccessful in keeping up with progress of technology of the Internet as nowadays the materials can be easily plagiarized without gaining permission from the owner. T-mobile and Orange protects its websites and its contents through copyright and database rights this gives exclusive rights that the data that is presented on the website are protected and licensed to Everything Everywhere Limited. The copyrights at Everything Everywhere, allows protecting the company from illegal replication of their work. For example, Everything Everywhere website provides all necessary information and required details for their customers about the products or services such as browsing the site, downloading and printing materials in order to use for personal and non-commercial needs. However, devoid of prior written agreement or authorization from Everything Everywhere Limited would not permit illegal users to replica, store, allocate, broadcast, or modify the content of their website for any principle. As Everything Everywhere has effectively secured through copyright since it usually limited for outside users.   Although the continuation of copyright at Everyt hing Everywhere might not be adequate to maintain stopping illegal users from exploiting their material. Trademark A trademark is a symbol or indicator which is used to identify the origin of a product or company, distinguishing it from other source of products, services, or companies. These are one the three essential forms of intellectual possession rights along with patent and copyrights. However, trademarks differ from other type of intellectual property rights this includes patents in assisting to protect the underlying invention and copyrights that protects the expression of an idea. Everything Everywhere is the symbol and phrase of their trademark, this clearly relates to the company’s network for example their customers will have good access to mobile networks everywhere in the world. Through using an effective trademark identity it allows Everything Everywhere to ensure that they strongly secure and protect their innovative products and services. Since their customers will be very familiar and well able to recognise the services and products offered by Everything Everywhere. Moreover, they are also aware that the company’s trademark doesn’t develop to be generic. If the company’s trademarks develop to become common this will allow others to make use of their materials with no panic of trademark contravention from Everything Everywhere limited.   However, Everything Everywhere Limited ensures that they concerned of protecting their innovation. Trade Secret Everything Everywhere has been skilled as a trade secret under the Uniform Trade Secret Act through following the three main criteria required for trade secret information as mentioned below: The material or details is required to not be in all-purpose familiar or freely ascertainable during genuine. The information should include economic significance which depends on their information which is confidential. To protect the secrecy of information reasonable measures should be taken by Everything Everywhere who are the trade secret holder Everything Everywhere benefits by using trade secret , since this protection can be applied for long period as far as the company’s information are kept and maintained secretly. Furthermore the cost of maintaining the trade secret are low. Although trade secret protection requires to be controlled and employed frequently in order make sure that the confidentiality of the company are secret. Bibliography Alcock, L., Chen, P, H., and Hodson, S. (2003) Online piracy of recorded music, Journal of Brand Management, vol.11, iss.2, retrieved August 8, 2004, Langenderfer and Cook (2001, p.280 docstoc.com/docs/70352974/Everything-Everywhere-Limited http://stakeholders.ofcom.org.uk/binaries/consultations/copyright-infringement/responses/Everything_Everywhere_Limit1.pdf iccwbo.org/uploadedFiles/BASCAP/Pages/Davis.pdf wirelessweek.com/News/Feeds/2010/05/wireless-everything-everywhere-tm-orange-and-t-mobile-u/ businessknowledgesource.com/marketing/howatrademarkcanidyourmarketing026281.htm

18 Awesome ACT Hacks to Help You Ace the Test

18 Awesome ACT Hacks to Help You Ace the Test SAT / ACT Prep Online Guides and Tips Wouldn't it be great if there was a key that unlocked all the shortcuts to success on the ACT? Although that dream might be a little unrealistic, the advice in this article will give you the next best thing in the form of mini-strategies that will cut down on your stress levels and improve your scores. Can You Actually â€Å"Hack† the ACT? To a limited extent, yes. The strategies in this article may lead to a small increase in your scores, but they won’t fix major issues you have with the content of the test.Understanding the format and how to get around some of the trickier parts of the ACT is important, but there’s no substitute for in-depth studying. Consider these tips as supplements to your regular studying rather than cure-alls for your more serious issues with the material on the test.We’ve written a guide on how to study for the ACT that you can check out for more insight into the review process. Overall ACT Hacks Here are some techniques that you can use on all parts of the ACT to earn the best possible score on each section. #1: Skip Hard Questions at First On every section of the ACT, you need to pace yourself carefully to avoid running out of time before you get to all of the questions.If you come across a question that completely stumps you, don’t linger. Struggling with one question for too long can damage your scores because it takes up time you could have used to answer easier questions later in the section.You can always come back to the questions you skipped if you have time, but you shouldn’t prioritize one tricky question over getting through the section before time is called. #2: Fill in an Answer Bubble for Every Question The ACT has noguessing penalty, so it’s in your best interests to fill in an answer choice for every question on the test.Even if there are only 30 seconds remaining in a section and you have five questions left, you should fill in those bubbles at random in case you get lucky.If you do, you’ll earn more points, and if you don’t, your score will be no different than if you’d left the questions blank. #3: Know the Test Structure Since this is a standardized test, you should prepare by becoming familiar with how it’s structured.If nothing on the test comes as a surprise to you, you’ll feel much more relaxed.You'll be able devote all of your mental energy to understanding the content rather than navigating an unexpected test format. This article provides a complete guide to the format of the ACT, including skills tested, number of questions, and length of each section. #4: Use Process of Elimination Process of elimination is the most effective strategy for answering questions on the ACT.It’s much easier for look for reasons to get rid of answers than it is to pick the correct choice out of the lineup right away.Be picky about what it means for an answer to be correct. This is especially applicable to questions in the English and Reading sections.If you can’t find evidence in the passage that definitively supports an answer choice, get rid of it! You don't have to guess what's behind each door - you'll be able to find clues that rule out 3 out of 4 answers. If you answer correctly, you'll get a brand new karaoke machine. Be sure to claim your prize from the College Board. You deserve this. ACT English Hacks Here are a few tricks specific to the English section that will help you find the answers to questions that might otherwise stump you. #5: Choose the Most Concise Answer The essence of good writing is saying what you mean in the most accurate way without any extra unnecessary words. When you’re trying to decide between a few different phrasings for a sentence in the English section, usually the least wordy choice is correct.There are exceptions to this rule, but it’s enough of a common trend that if you’re totally stumped by a question, picking the shortest answer is a fairly safe bet. #6: Tread Carefully With NO CHANGE Answers Many students are either too wary of NO CHANGE answers or too eager to pick them.Always double check before choosing NO CHANGE, but if you genuinely feel that it’s the right answer, try not to doubt yourself too much.NO CHANGE answers make up around a quarter of the correct responses to questions where they’re presented as an option. Don’t assume that a NO CHANGE option is any less likely to be correct compared to the other choices. #7: Read Around the Question Context is important on ACT English because all the questions are based on longer passages.When answering a question about the structure of a sentence, you should always read the entire sentence, not just the part that you’re asked to revise.It might even be helpful to read the preceding and following sentences so that you can get a feel for how the different answer choices affect the flow of the passage.This will help you see that some phrasings sound more awkward than others when considered in a larger context. Context is always important. For all we know, this is just a disembodied pair of arms underneath a pile of clothes. ACT Math Hacks The Math section is the most challenging part of the ACT for many students. Here are some hacks that will help you get through tough problems. #8: Plug In Answers The great thing about multiple choice tests is that the correct answer is always right there in front of you - all you have to do is find it. Thismeans that you can often work backward to find the correct answers to math problems on the ACT even if you’re not sure of the actual solution method.This can take longer than just solving the problem the old-fashioned way, so it shouldn’t be your first move, but if you’re stumped it’s a viable way to solve problems successfully. #9: Use the Diagrams Diagrams on the Math section exist to help you, so make sure you take advantage of them.Diagrams are useful in estimating the correct answer even if you aren’t sure how to solve the problem.If you need to calculate a dimension of a shape, for example, consider how large that dimension looks compared to other parts of the diagram that are already labeled. In doing this, you can ensure that your answer makes logical sense. #10: Memorize Important Formulas The ACT doesn’t give you a list of formulas like the SAT, so you have to know the most commonly used formulas off the top of your head.Make sure you take a bit of time to review this list of formulas before the test. For example, you should know that the cosine of angle B in this image is equivalent to the length of side C divided by the length of side a. ACT Reading Hacks The Reading section involves a great deal of time pressure and high-level reading comprehension skills.These strategies will help you on the road to overcoming these challenges. #: Decide Whether to Skim or Skip You should go into the Reading section with a strategy in mind for how you want to approach the passages.Some people can read the passages normally all the way through and still make it to the end of the section, but for most students, it’s smart to adopt a more efficient alternative approach. One option is to skim the passage before starting work on the questions.This usually means reading the intro paragraph, first and last sentences of each body paragraph, and conclusion paragraph.These parts of the passage usually provide the most critical information about the central topic. Another option is to skip the passage initially and head straight for the questions.You can answer questions about small details by going back and searching for them in the passage.Save the broader questions for last after you’ve already gotten a handle on what the passage is about by putting together the smaller details.Experiment with each of these strategies on practice tests so you know what works best for you and saves you the most time. #12: Read Your Favorite Subject First In the ACT Reading section, the passages are always in the same order with regards to their subject matter.You can take advantage of this by determining the optimal order in which to read the passages beforehand.It’s best to start with the subject matter or writing style that you feel most comfortable reading because you’ll get through that passage faster than the others and probably won't struggle as much with the questions.It would be a bad idea to save the subject you like most for last because you might run out of time before getting to that question set. #13: Always Find Direct Evidence You should never make assumptions to get to your answers to questions on the Reading section.If you think that two answers seem equally valid, reread the relevant part of the passage and carefully analyze the evidence.There is only one irrefutably correct answer, and you'll always be able to point to something in the passage that gives it away. The resigned pain in this child's eyes resembles the attitude with which most students approach ACT Reading passages. ACT Science Hacks Here are a few ACT hacksyou can use to make the science section a little less intimidating and more manageable. #14: Save Conflicting Viewpoints for Last Conflicting viewpoints is the most time-consuming part of the ACT Science section for almost every student.It involves much more reading than the other parts of the section, which mostly consist of data interpretation.It’s best to save conflicting viewpoints for last so youcan get through all the quicker passages first. #15: Visuals Are Your Friends The ACT science section appears complicated because there are detailed explanations of experimental procedures combined with diagrams and charts. However, most of this information only exists to make you freak out about all the stuff you think you don’t understand. You can ignore most of the background information and just focus on the data provided in the visuals when answering questions. These questions are mostly based on logic, not complex science. #16: Don’t Bother Studying Science Terms The Science section on the ACT doesn’t have much in common with the tests that you’ve taken in high school science classes.It’s not necessary to study terms because there won’t be any obscure concepts that you need to understand independently.Anything obscure that you need to know to answer the questions will be defined for you in the passage.Succeeding on the Science section is about getting used to the format and digging down to the logical core of each question. Science is tooooootally tubular. ACT Writing Hacks If you’re taking the ACT with Writing, here are some ways to ensure that you end up with a decent score even if you’re not completely confident in your writing abilities. #17: Include an Introduction and Conclusion Introductions and conclusions are the most important aspects of any ACT essay.The graders pay close attention to the first and last paragraphs of each essay because they provide insight into the quality of the rest of your writing.The introduction is even more critical to your score than the conclusion because it includes a thesis statement, which gives the reader a preview of the rest of your essay.Make sure your intro contains a clear thesis statement that will make it easy for the grader to give you points! #18: Write at Least Two Pages There’s no official length requirement for the ACT essay, but you should aim for at least two pages of writing to ensure that your argument is fully developed.Essays that are less than two pages typically score lower because they don’t include enough details or explain their ideas completely.If you have an introduction, three body paragraphs, and a conclusion, making your essay at least two pages probably won’t be an issue. Conclusion: How to Hack the ACT You need to have strong fundamental knowledge of the content to earn a high score, but there are still a few simple ACT hacks you can use to make the test easier for yourself without doing a bunch of extra studying. Here's a consolidated list of all the strategies I've gone over in this article: Overall ACT Hacks Skip Hard Questions at First Fill in An Answer for Every Question Know the Test Structure Use Process of Elimination ACT English Hacks Choose the Most Concise Answer Tread Carefully with NO CHANGE Answers Read Around the Question ACT Math Hacks Plug in Answers Use the Diagrams Memorize Important Formulas ACT Reading Hacks Decide Whether to Skim or Skip Read Your Favorite Subject First Look for Direct Evidence ACT Science Hacks Save Conflicting Viewpoints for Last Visuals Are Your Friends Don't Bother Studying Science Terms ACT Writing Hacks Include an Introduction and Conclusion Write at Least Two Pages These tactics will help you become a more efficient and confident test-taker as long as you use them in tandem with a responsible long-term study plan! What's Next? Are you looking for a reliable guide to preparing for the ACT? Check out ourlist of the best ACT review books released this year. You might not have time to get through a whole review book before you take the ACT. If that's the case, this article has a list of critical last-minute strategy guides that you should read. Feeling ambitious? This guide will tell you exactly what you need to do to work towards a perfect score on the test. Want to improve your ACT score by 4 points? Check out our best-in-class online ACT prep classes. We guarantee your money back if you don't improve your ACT score by 4 points or more. Our classes are entirely online, and they're taught by ACT experts. If you liked this article, you'll love our classes. Along with expert-led classes, you'll get personalized homework with thousands of practice problems organized by individual skills so you learn most effectively. We'll also give you a step-by-step, custom program to follow so you'll never be confused about what to study next. Try it risk-free today:

Reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act Assignment

Reauthorization of the Endangered Species Act - Assignment Example The loss of habitats for most wildlife is the main cause of listing of species. On listing of a certain species, legal and powerful means are availed to protect its habitats. In the same way, when resources are associated with the listed species, for example water in dry regions or free-flowing rivers, ESA is seen as a hindrance to greater human utilisation. ESA may also be controversial since the diminishing species usually are harbingers of broader ecosystem conflicts. This makes ESA a major driver of large-scale ecosystem restoration issues (Miller & Spoolman 315).Previous congresses have held oversight hearings on the implementation of certain federal laws and programs addressing endangered and threatened species (Snape and Weiner 61). Some of the hearings involved topics such as delisting and listing decisions under ESA to validate endowment levels for international programs of conservation. The 113th congress that will be held will include discussion of issues like how to allocate programs and activities that seek to assist the adaptation of certain species to changes in climate. Another issue that will be discussed concerning ESA will be concerned with the role of Science in making decisions on essential habitat designation, suitable fortification of listed species, incentives for property owners among other decisions (Miller & Spoolman 315). ESA is one of the most contentious environmental regulations due to its substantive requirements that influence the use of both non-federal and federal resources and lands. Under the law, species are to be listed as in danger of extinction based solely on the most significant scientific information without regarding economic factors (The University of Michigan 6). Congress is faces the matter of how to weigh the safeguarding of endangered species with economic interests (Heather & Snape 62). Strong opposition has been the major cause of failure to reauthorize ESA. The last reauthorization

Joint venture success factors in the petroleum industry (management Essay

Joint venture success factors in the petroleum industry (management side) - Essay Example On the other hand, there were thirteen failure factors that gas and oil managers pointed out. The failure factors include; i. Selecting a suitable business partner. ii. Managerial teams having mixed abilities. iii. The company’s power of negotiation. iv. Gain of foreign technology v. Compatibility of each partners objectives vi. Having a clear understanding of the petroleum sector future dynamics vii. Gaining managerial expertise from foreign partners viii. Cooperation between supply and reinforcement. ix. Export development. x. Sharing risks and profits. xi. International marketing cooperation. xii. Joint venture agreement transparency. xiii. Powers for independent decision making. The success factors that were pointed out by the managers include; i. Corporate cultures importance ii. Production cooperation. iii. Solving of conflicts iv. Export development v. Domestic marketing cooperation. vi. Taking an equal responsibility in management vii. The willingness of the partners f rom Algeria to retain their stake as majority shareholders in the Joint Ventures. viii. Involvement of domestic partners in R & D. ix. International leasing eligibility. The data gathered from all the participants in the form of filled questionnaires were then arranged as tables in the SPSS data files in order to be analyzed through the SPSS processor. In total, four SPPSS data files or tables were composed, out of which one represented the Algerian Managers failure factors, one included the Algerian Managers success factors, one comprised of Foreign Managers failure factors and one consisted of Foreign Managers success factors. Each one of the 4 SPSS data files was analyzed by executing the descriptive analysis, t-test analysis and chi-square analysis with the help of the SPSS software. Subsequent to which, the output data that were generated for each table have been presented in the respective tables in the following sections. The SPSS processor also generated the histogram showin g the distribution of each factor with respect to the normal-distribution-curve. The output data for each section will then be compared to develop the similarities and the differences in the perception of the Algerian managers to that of the foreign managers in relation to the success and failure factors of the international oil and gas joint ventures in Algeria both in the past and in the present. 11.1. Literature Review 11.1.1. Hypothesis Testing A hypothesis, in a research-study, can be defined as an expression that can be subjected to analysis. For answering a statistical question, the question is formulated in the form of a hypothesis. Then the hypothesis is accepted or rejected on the basis of the outcome of the analysis. The hypothesis that is being analyzed or tested is referred as the null hypothesis and is denoted by H0, which has to be a true or false statement. There is an alternative hypothesis denoted by HA for every null hypothesis. In this regard, the development and the assessment of the hypotheses is the most important task however the best way for the hypothesis-construction is not necessarily evident: Priority is given to the null hypothesis and it is accepted until some strong evidence is found or produced against it. If a hypothesis is simpler than the other one then it should be given priority in order to adopt a relatively 'simpler' theory unless adequate evidence is found

Relationship between legal immigration and drug crime Dissertation

Relationship between legal immigration and drug crime - Dissertation Example The issue that criminologists focus on is whether immigration is associated with higher than expected increases in levels of criminal deviance. Crime researchers have addressed this question using one of two general approaches. The first is through individual-level analyses that examine immigrant involvement in crime. Such studies provide insight into the question of whether immigrants are involved disproportionately in the commission of criminal acts. The second approach is less interested in the criminal behavior of individuals, focusing instead on the impacts of immigration, measured at the macro-level, on observed levels of crime. Using data measured at higher levels of aggregation (i.e., neighborhoods, cities, metropolitan areas), this line of scholarship is concerned with the extent to which the presence of an area's foreign-born population affects levels of crime, net of structural and socio-demographic characteristics of an area. Studies falling into this category address the question of whether immigration is related to increased levels of crime. Historical Studies on Immigration and Crime The earliest quantitative studies that focused explicitly on the immigrant/crime link began to emerge as rates of immigration peaked in the early decades of the twentieth century. Three separate reports issued during this period represent the earliest research efforts to take seriously the notion that there may be nativity differences in patterns of criminal offending. A 1901 report issued by the Industrial Commission concluded that foreign-born whites were less involved in crime than their native-born counterparts. This conclusion was supported in a report released by the Immigrant Commission a decade later. In 1911 the Immigrant Commission argued that there was no evidence indicating that immigrants contributed disproportionately to increases in crime. The most extensive of the three reports, the "Wickersham Report," was released in 1931 by the National Commission on Law Observance and Enforcement. The conclusions drawn by the Wickersham Report are similar to those mentioned above that, in general, there was little evidence supporting the notion that foreigners engaged in higher levels of criminal activity than natives (Martinez, 2002; LaFree et al. 2000). Exceptions to this general trend were also noted in the early immigration/crime research. For example, each of the reports mentioned disparities in levels of offending across immigrant generations. Increased involvement in criminal behavior was seen as a consequence of assimilating into American society, particularly for members of the second generation. The Wickersham Report also suggested that immigrants may be more likely to be involved in particular types of crime (i.e., homicide). The conclusions drawn in the early immigration/crime studies have been viewed with suspicion mainly because they were not based on careful empirical analyses. An author of one of the sections of the Wickersham report questioned the results from any criminological research of the period because of the limitations of the data a nd the lack of methodological sophistication used to analyze

Satisfaction Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Satisfaction - Research Paper Example â€Å"The workforce in the health sector has specific features that cannot be ignored and motivation can play an integral role in many of the compelling challenges facing healthcare today† (Lambrou, Kontodimopoulos, and Niakas, 2010). The manager of the hospital or the health care center assumes the prime responsibility for keeping the nurses satisfied, because the performance of the organization as a whole is directly linked with the individualistic and collective performance of the nurses. This research was conducted with an intention of identifying ways to satisfy the nurses. Patient care is one of the most sensitive tasks that need to be dealt with immense delicacy and prudence because it not only involves dealing with people’s emotions along with taking care of their health but also has the potential to affect the public image of the hospital or the health care center for better or worse depending upon the quality of patient care delivered in it. Among the issues a manager of a hospital or a health care center is exposed to, two of the prime issues include late arrival of nurses, and shortage of nurses when they are needed on urgent basis. The patient care is scheduled and everything works according to a plan. In such circumstances, late arrival of nurses disturbs the schedule which causes the issues of time management to surface. At the end of the day, this behavior of nurses incurs the hospital many indirect costs, which reduce the profitability of business. On the other hand, shortage of nurses when they are needed on urgent basis is very dep ressing for the managers and administrators and it also brings a bad name to the organization. Rewarding the employees is fundamental to help them maintain a high self-esteem at the work place and keep their motivation for work high, and the same rule applies on the nurses. Nurses need to be rewarded in order to be satisfied enough to deliver their best

Business Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Proposal - Essay Example (logo)+Next page-(Table of Contents) Cost summary-The cost of the project will be on a contractible basis that can be renewed every 6 months to ensure that we remain on our toes and meet your expectations. By offering you maximum cost affectivity we will save both time and money to ensure profitability and high visibility vis--vis the competition. Our fees collectible at the end of the six months will amount to Rs. 10,00,000 Lakhs Strengths-The proposed project will ensure smooth and consistent operations while offering Tesco a window to the unique culture of India. While the centralized studio offers all the expertise as well as sophisticated equipment; satellite studios will localize the sales pitch by catering to regional variations. By uploading design templates, the centralized studio will ensure packaging design excellence. Satellite studios will have easy access to the design templates by downloading them thus saving time and ensuring ease of operations. Satellite studios will adapt seasonal promotions to the local festivals like 'Pongal'in Tamilnadu, 'Diwali' in the north and 'Navratri' in the east- so that Tesco can tune profitably into the shopping season's of the country. To sum up this unique proposal will ensure the success of Tesco's retail project in a fast growing sector with endless opportunity for growth and expansion. The On-site design studio will eliminate needless delay and logistical problems while imposing quality control. Weaknesses-Tesco has failed to dominate the city center marketplace on home soil. Although it does have some prominent chain stores in cities, these are more an exception then the rule. In the location of Milton Keynes Sainsbury has the monopoly. This zeroes in on a significant weakness of Tesco's marketing

LLM Human Rights -Case study on prosectution Case

LLM Human Rights - on prosectution - Case Study Example During his reign he did a lot of inhuman atrocities against them on the pretext of their opposing his regime or for supporting Iran in the war. After the fall of Bagdad most of his lieutenants were captured but Saddam remained at large and was ultimately captured on the night of 12th December 2003. ' After the initial annexation of Iraq, it was ruled by the Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), which was later on replaced by an interim government of Iraq. CPA created Supreme Iraqi criminal Tribunal (SICT), for the trial of the Saddam and other members of the Baath Party against charges of committing war crimes and other crimes against humanity. SICT held trials in front of five judges who heard both the sides and dispensed judgment and in doing so there was no provision of jury, there was also a chamber for further appeals consisting of nine judges.'The first trial of the tribunal began on 19th of October 2005, with the case of Dujail massacres of 1982, for which Saddam and seven others were tried.' Although one of the lesser crimes of Saddam, considering his standards, Dujails was probably taken up before the more serious Al-Anfal massacres because Anfal was much bigger in proportion and hence was expected to take much more time. Dujail is a Shitte town, having among its residents many supporters of the Dawa party, which was opposed to Saddam's rule. On 8th of July 1982, Saddam had gone to the town to praise those Shia's who were fighting the Iran - Iraq war on his behalf. Idea was to get more support from the large Shia community to fight the war against Iran. As he was returning from Dujail, his motorcade was fired on by a member of the Dawa party. Although Saddam was not hurt, he decided on a general retaliation. In the events that followed, his security forces killed nearly 150 civilians of Dujail and many were severly tortured. Also a large number of residents including women, children and the aged were send to the concentration camps. During the trial, one of the victims , who was 15 years old at the time of the massacre testified about the genocide. (McGeough, 2005) Based on this case along with Saddam, Barzan Hassan, former Iraqi intelligence chief, and Awad Bandar, former head of Iraq's Revolutionary Court, and Taha Yassin Ramadan, the former vice-president were also ordered to be executed, for participating in crimes against humanity. The more serious anti-Kurdish "Anfal" operation was carried out between February and September 1988 by Saddam Hussein. It was conducted in eight stages, with about 2, 00,000 ground troops bolstered by air support. Its primary purpose was to wipe out any Iranian intrusion in the region and also to put to rest the dream of Kurdish independence. The main targets of this campaign were the battle worthy adults and young men. Saddam wanted to exterminate them all, so that no one should be left to take up arms against his regime. It was conducted under Saddam's cousin, Ali Hassan al-Majidin, who was appointed in charge of the Northern region of Iraq, in March 1987. ' During these campaigns men (above the age of 15) were set apart from the women, later these men were killed and their bodies were dumped in mass graves.' Some of the sites, later excavated were found to have the bodies of thousands of victims. According to liberal estimates some fifty thousand Kurds died in these attacks, while the actual figure is supposed

Business Proposal Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Business Proposal - Essay Example (logo)+Next page-(Table of Contents) Cost summary-The cost of the project will be on a contractible basis that can be renewed every 6 months to ensure that we remain on our toes and meet your expectations. By offering you maximum cost affectivity we will save both time and money to ensure profitability and high visibility vis--vis the competition. Our fees collectible at the end of the six months will amount to Rs. 10,00,000 Lakhs Strengths-The proposed project will ensure smooth and consistent operations while offering Tesco a window to the unique culture of India. While the centralized studio offers all the expertise as well as sophisticated equipment; satellite studios will localize the sales pitch by catering to regional variations. By uploading design templates, the centralized studio will ensure packaging design excellence. Satellite studios will have easy access to the design templates by downloading them thus saving time and ensuring ease of operations. Satellite studios will adapt seasonal promotions to the local festivals like 'Pongal'in Tamilnadu, 'Diwali' in the north and 'Navratri' in the east- so that Tesco can tune profitably into the shopping season's of the country. To sum up this unique proposal will ensure the success of Tesco's retail project in a fast growing sector with endless opportunity for growth and expansion. The On-site design studio will eliminate needless delay and logistical problems while imposing quality control. Weaknesses-Tesco has failed to dominate the city center marketplace on home soil. Although it does have some prominent chain stores in cities, these are more an exception then the rule. In the location of Milton Keynes Sainsbury has the monopoly. This zeroes in on a significant weakness of Tesco's marketing

Enhancing Employability Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Enhancing Employability - Term Paper Example The possible influence of IT in employment creation is both direct as well as indirect. Directly, IT sector can create new employment opportunities and indirectly, the implementation of IT by other industries help to enlarge the assortment of services and as a result inspire the evolution of IT sector. The indirect influence of IT is much bigger compared to direct influence. In the USA, it is expected that for each employment generated in the IT industry, at least ten further IT-oriented employment can be developed in other industries where IT has been implemented. Though the use of IT eradicates certain specific labor-intensive employments, it can generate far more employment opportunities. Several businesses such as computer training, research and development among others are directly related with IT industry (Jacobs, 2008). According to a study of National Research Council of the USA, it had been found that IT has an inspiring effect on the development of service industry. The fastest growing sectors of service industry such as education, financial services, health services and insurance sectors among others are expanded with the help of adaptation of IT. IT provides benefits towards generation of employment and enhances skill level. Several evidences specify that IT supports towards the development of labor and overall skill advancement in the workstation (Jacobs, 2008). The research for IT business will be conducted on the basis of secondary data and primary data. The main focus of this research will be to understand the condition of the IT industry in the USA and to analyze the self-employment opportunity in this sector. In order to conduct the research, firstly, information regarding IT sector trends such as computer sales and revenues in the USA will be collected, the number of employment generated by the IT sector will be analyzed and ultimately the data will be segmented for creating a fruitful finding of the research. These data will help to understand the condition of the IT sector and its prospects for employment for graduates or self-employment.

Marketing Analysis Of Avon Products Inc Marketing Essay

Marketing Analysis Of Avon Products Inc Marketing Essay The company was founded in 1886 by then 28-year-old David H. McConnell who sold books door-to-door and gave out perfume to entice women to buy his books. His perfume proved to be much more popular than his books, so he then founded the California Perfume Company (CPC) in New York, New York in a 500-square-foot (46  m2) manufacturing and shipping office at 126 Chambers Street. As the company grew, he hired his first representative, Mrs. P.F.E. Albee. In 1897, McConnell built a small (3000 square foot) laboratory in Suffern, New York. In 1906, the West Coast office in San Francisco was destroyed in the Great Earthquake. In 1914 the first non-US office was opened in the Canadian province of Quebec. The California Perfume Company was incorporated on January 28, 1916 by David H. McConnell and Alexander D. Henderson (businessman) in Suffern, New York  [1]  . By 1918, five million units were sold in North America, and by 1928, sales reached $2 million. In October 1939, the name was ch anged to Avon Products, Inc. The company was taken public in 1946. By 1954, sales reached $55 million, and the Avon Calling advertising campaign introduced. By 1971 the lab would grow into the Avon Suffern Research and Development facility. By 1979, sales reached $3 billion, with one million direct sales agents. Today sales exceed $10 billion worldwide. In 2005, the company opened a $100 million dollar 225,000-square-foot (20,900  m2) RD facility to house its over 300 research and development scientists on the original site in Suffern, NY. Avon also has offices in Luzerne, Pennsylvania and Davenport, Iowa. The company chairman and CEO is Andrea Jung, who was promoted to the position in 1999. As at December 2009, the company had approximately 41,000 employees  [2]   2.2 Company Profile 2.2.1 Organizational Structure The Office of the Chairman is accountable for identifying growth initiatives, incorporating global strategies, and apportioning resources to Avon units around the world. In addition, as part of the reorganization, the firms three International Regional headquarters were to be phased out, alternated by nine streamlined business units covering sales, marketing and distribution around the world. Profit and loss accountability rested with them. Managers of these units would report directly to the Office of the Chairman. Also reporting to the chairman are five global staff departments: Finance/legal Affairs, Human Resources, Corporate Affairs and Communications, Planning and Business Development, and a new department Global Product Management. Each department assumes worldwide responsibility for its function Table 2.2.1 Organizational Structure AVON PRODUCTS INC. ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE Office of the Chairman Chairman and Chief Executive Officer Vice President, Vice Chairman, Chief Financial Executive Vice President Assistant to the Chairman and Administrative Officer North America Latin America Northern Europe North America North America President Vice President Latin America Southern Europe South Vice President Vice President Asia/Pacific Vice President United Kingdom Vice President Japan Chair and Vice President Mexico Vice President Giorgio President Human Planning and Business Global Product Finance/Legal Corporate Affairs Resource Development Management Affairs Communications Source: Outlook, Nov-Dec 2009 2.2.2 Major Lines of Business Avons products line includes skin care items, makeup, and perfume fragrances for men and women, and toiletries for bath, hair care, personal care, hand and body care and sun care. Recognizable brand names included Skin-So-Soft, a product in the bath products area, which benefited from wide publicity concerning alternative uses; Moisture Therapy; and Imari fragrance. Newer products include Avon Color, an entirely new line of more than 350 shades of lip, eye, face, and nail colors. The product line would assure customers that Avon had just the right shade for them and that their total look could be coordinated. Anew Perfecting Complex for Face, another new product, was judged the most successful skin care product in Avon history. Internationally, the companys product line is marketed primarily at moderate price points. The marketing strategy emphasized department store quality at discount store prices. Avon is the worlds largest manufacturer and distributor of fashion jewelry, and markets an extensive line of gifts and collectibles. A separate division, Giorgio Beverly Hills, manufactures and sells prestige fragrances. These brand name products are sold through major retail department stores, in boutiques, by mail order catalog and by other means. 2.3 Operating Strategies Avon Products Inc. is uniquely among major corporations, a womans company. The company sells products to, for and through women. The company understands women needs and preferences better than most. This understanding guides the basic business and influences the choice of new business opportunities. Avon need to become and are becoming, more customer-oriented and more market- driven. Each one of the 18 words in the vision statement has considerable meaning. The three most important elements, however, are the focus on women, on being global, and on the additional opportunities for Avon in self-fulfillment. The Principles That Guide Avon 1. To provide individuals an opportunity to earn in support of their well-being and happiness. 2. To serve families throughout the world with products of the highest quality backed by a guarantee of satisfaction; 3. To render a service to customers that is outstanding in its helpfulness and courtesy; 4. To give full recognition to employees and Representatives, on whose contributions Avon depends; 5. To share with others the rewards of growth and success; 6 To meet fully the obligations of corporate citizenship by contributing to the well-being of society and the environment in which its functions; and 7. To maintain and cherish the friendly spirit of Avon. Source: Avon Representative Success Book 2.3 Operating Strategies 2.3.1 Mission Statement and Management Objectives Avon Products Inc. aims at being the company that best have the knowledge of and satisfies the product, service and self-fulfillment needs of women, globally. The Global Beauty forerunner intends to build a unique portfolio of Beauty and related brands, striving to surpass competitors in quality, innovation and value, and elevating image to become the Beauty Company most women turn to worldwide. The Womens quest for Buying Avon products will become the destination store for women, offering the convenience of multiple brands and channels, and providing a personal high touch shopping experience that helps create lifelong customer relationships. The Premier Direct Seller will expand the companys presence in direct selling and lead the reinvention of the channel, offering an entrepreneurial opportunity that delivers superior earnings, recognition, service and support, making it easy and rewarding to be affiliated with Avon and elevating the image of the industry. Avon products leadership edge is through passion for high standards, respect for diversity and commitment to create exceptional opportunities for professional growth so that associates can fulfill their highest potential. The company is committed to global champion for the health and well-being of women through philanthropic efforts that eliminate breast cancer from the face of the earth, and that empower women to achieve economic independence. The Most Admired Company delivers superior returns to shareholders by tirelessly pursuing new growth opportunities while continually improving profitability, a socially responsible, ethical company that is watched and emulated as a model of success. 2.3.2 Business Models and Strategies Avon Products, Inc., is one of the worlds largest direct selling organization and merchandiser of beauty and beauty related products. From corporate office in New York City, Avon markets product lines to women in 112 countries through 1.6 million active independent contractors (sales representatives) that receive a percentage commission for their sales but do not enjoy employment benefits, they sell primarily on a door-to-door basis. The idea behind the direct selling model is to eliminate the middle man (department and cosmetic stores) and get its products directly to consumers which will be able to cut costs and increase profits. November 2005, Avon products launched a comprehensive, multi-year turnaround plan to restore sustainable growth. The four-point turnaround plan includes: Committing to brand competitiveness by focusing research and development resources on product innovation and by increasing our advertising; Winning with commercial edge by more effectively utilizing pricing and promotion, expanding our Sales Leadership program and improving the attractiveness of our Representative earnings opportunity as needed; Elevating organizational effectiveness by redesigning our structure to eliminate layers of management in order to take full advantage of our global scale and size; and Transforming the cost structure so that our costs are aligned to our revenue growth and remain so. Source: 10-K (Feb 25, 2010) One of the goals of the 2005 Turn-around Plan was to increase the number of Representatives paid in 2007 when the company had 13% increase in net sales as a result of the increase in the number of Representatives Primarily, Avons revenues come from three main categories: 2009 2008 2007 2006 Beauty Products 72% 72% 70% 69% Fashion Products 17% 18% 18% 18% Home Products 11% 10% 12% 13% Source: http://www.wikinvest.com/stock/Avon_Products_(AVP) Beauty Products: Cosmetics, fragrances, and personal care. Fashion Products are Jewelry, watches, apparel and accessories. Home Products: Home products and decorative products. 2.4 SWOT Analysis 2.4.1 Strengths Presence in dynamic sector Strategic focus on emerging markets Diversification through acquisition Wide brand appeal Financial stability Strong brand image 2.4.2 Weaknesses Over reliance on Beauty Products (72%) Limited outlets for the customers Confusing promotions, out of date catalogs, unattractive packaging and customer complains of Avon image. Over reliance on Sales Representatives 2.4.3 Opportunities Geographic Growth: Enormous growth opportunities exist in countries with huge populations such as China, Indonesia and India. In Eastern Europe, management is excited about the potential in Poland, Czechoslovakia, and Hungary. In the Pacific Rim area, countries like Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos are targeted as market opportunities. Emerging and Developing Markets: In those markets, the retail infrastructure was undeveloped, especially in the interiors of those countries. The Avon representatives provide consumers with opportunities to buy a wide range of quality products at acceptable prices 2.4.4 Threats Avons dependence on the productivity and profitability of the representative direct-selling model exposes it to cost and litigation risks. It is likely that AVP will incur future costs through litigation and resolution of the lawsuit, which may include terms that would increase costs and decrease profits for Avon. Large Presence in Global Market Exposes AVP to Currency Fluctuation Risks: 80% of Avons sales revenues come from markets outside of the United States, making the company very sensitive to currency fluctuations and the strength of the dollar. A weakening of the dollar against foreign currencies would allow Avon products to become more competitively priced in global markets, thus positively affecting sales revenue from foreign markets; however, a weak dollar would also mean higher costs for products manufactured overseas. 2.5 Core Competencies Over the last three years, Avon Products have been implementing its turnaround plan through various strategic initiatives, including: restructuring plan, product line simplification program (PLS), strategic sourcing initiative (SSI) and investment in advertising and sales representatives. Among other things the company does well are: Diversification through acquisition Distribution strategy and brand image High technology and innovation Economic Empowerment Philanthropy 3. Industry Analysis 3.1 Industry Definition, structure and major competitors The US personal care products industry includes about 800 companies with combined annual revenue of $50 billion. Major companies include Estee Lauder, Johnson Johnson, and Procter Gamble. The industry is concentrated: the 50 largest firms account for about 70 percent of industry revenue. There are  28,001  companies in this industry with the US personal income driving consumer demand for personal care products  [3]  . Company Sales Location The Protecter Gamble Company 78,938.00M Cincinnati,  OH LOreal SA 25,041.73M Clichy,  France Kimberly-Clark Corporation 19,115.00M Irving,  TX Colgate-Palmolive Company 15,327.00M New York,  NY Kao Corporation 12,777.13M Tokyo, Japan Source: http://www.hoovers.com/industry/personal-care-products/1192-1.html 3.2 Industry Growth and Profitability Market moves over the last two years have clearly been extraordinary. The forecast call for a continued, gradual recovery in demand from developed markets with emerging economies faring better. The personal and disposable personal incomes are the main drivers of this sector. According to the Bureau of Economic Analysis, July 2010, Personal income increased $30.0 billion, or 0.2 percent, and disposable personal income (DPI) increased $17.6 billion, or 0.2 percent, Personal consumption expenditures (PCE) increased $44.1 billion, or 0.4 percent. Table 3.2 Personal and Disposable Personal Income Personal income, current dollars 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 Disposable personal income: Current dollars 0.4 0.5 0.3 0.0 0.2 Chained (2005) dollars 0.3 0.6 0.4 0.1 -0.1 Personal consumption expenditures: Current dollars 0.5 -0.1 0.1 0.0 0.4 Chained (2005) dollars 0.3 -0.1 0.2 0.1 0.2 Source: Bureau of Economic Analysis, US Department of Commerce. July, 2010 3.3 Pest Analysis of External Factors Affecting the Industry 3.31 Political Factors These includes legal and regulatory: elections, employment law, consumer protection, environmental regulations, industry-specific regulations, competitive regulations, inter-country relationships/attitudes, war, terrorism, political trends, governmental leadership, taxes, and government structures. Government tax and industry specific regulations are the major factors that can affect Avon Products. Different countries have different regulations with taxes. Political and legal systems of different countries have important implications for Avon Products. Sometimes, the political system changes quickly, throwing the company into crisis and at other hand, it evolve more slowly. 3.3.2 Economic Factors Economic growth trends (various countries), taxation, government spending levels, disposable income, job growth/unemployment, exchange rates, tariffs, inflation, consumer confidence index, import/export ratios, and production levels. Avon has experienced volatile growth, its said to largely depend on weather fluctuating economic conditions and disposable household income levels. A higher disposable income will definitely increase revenue. 3.3.3 Social Factors Age, gender, race, family size, lifestyle changes, population shifts, education, trends, fads, diversity, immigration/emigration, health, living standards, housing trends, fashion, attitudes to work, leisure activities, occupations, and earning capacity. Since Avon major source of Revenue is on Beauty products which is mainly used by women, the company stands the chance of increasing revenue all things being equal. A higher taste or lifestyle to substitute products like Mary Kay may affect the company revenue. 3.3.4 Technological Factors Inventions, new discoveries, research, energy uses/sources/fuels, communications, rates of obsolescence, health (pharmaceutical, equipment, etc.), manufacturing advances, information technology, internet, transportation, bio-tech, genetics, agri-tech, waste removal/recycling, and so on, all these and many more need to be improved upon continually. As technology advances, there is need to ensure compliance and engage in more research in an attempt to increase the quality of the products. A common error is to try and devise a single analysis to try and cover the entire history of a firm and an industry. Therefore, the company must keep the analysis of past developments separate from that of the present situation and future trends. 3.4 Porters five forces of Analysis Competition 3.4.1 Threat of new Entrants: Low Being a household name for some years, the threat of new entrants can be said to be low. Consumers who are serviced in this industry tend to stick with long and experienced 3.4.2 Threat of Substitutes: High There are several substitutes to Avon products by its competitors in the market. A slight change or below standard can push customers to buy other products. 3.4.3 Bargaining Powers of supplier: Low 3.4.4 Bargaining Power of Customer: Low Customers who are mainly women often dont mind price(s) as long as they have value for money spent. Rather than customers fixing price, Avon does. 3.4.5 Rivalry among Competing Firms: High This is really high. Mary Kay among several others is in high competition with Avon. 3.5 Summary Bargaining power of buyers Low Competitive Rivalry within an Industry High Threat of Substitute Products High Threat of new Entry- Low Low Bargaining power of suppliers Low 4. Economic Outlook 4.1 Global Outlook The companys operating performance has been strong in the past six months, and its key credit measurements are improving. Avon is expected to continue to have conservative stances with its liquidity and share repurchases. Avon has performed very well relative to its consumer products peer group and remains one of the best geographically positioned companies to benefit from emerging market growth over the next several years. The New York Company is in the midst of a restructuring that includes cutting jobs and trimming overhead. It has focused on recruiting independent sellers, as well as broadening its assortment of less-expensive items, including products under $5, to drive sales. It is also growing sales in emerging markets. Manufacturers of beauty products weathered the recession fairly well, due in large part to their vast product range. While demand for cosmetics stumbled some are considered essentials and were mostly impervious to the downturn. The economic recovery will push the industry back to steady growth, as improving disposable incomes allow consumers to spend more on nonessentials like makeup. Meanwhile, manufacturers will expand both their product lines and geographic reach to take advantage of new market opportunities  [4]  . 4.2 Regional Outlook Avon is on track to deliver strong quarterly growth, although the US market is likely to prove the exception to regional growth in view of the tough conditions there. The worlds leading direct sales cosmetic company increased revenue by 8 per cent for the first quarter in dollar terms, while the continuing weakness of the dollar will mean that revenues will rise by 5 per cent in local currencies. On a regional basis, Avon revenue is projected to increase mid-single digits and operating profit forecast to be up. Internationally, Latin Americas revenue is projected to increase at a double-digit rate and operating profit forecast to grow in line with or slightly ahead of revenue, reflecting a strong performance in both the Brazil and Argentina markets. Europes revenue and operating profit are expected to increase in the ranges of 10 per cent and 15 per cent, respectively. Growth in this region is continuing to focus on the central and eastern European markets. The Asia Pacific regions revenue is projected to advance at a double-digit rate, with operating profit expected to improve more than 25 per cent. 4.3 Local Outlook Avon attributes overall sales growth to being driven by sales of beauty products, which are expected to increase 11-13 per cent, including a double-digit increase in the US. It feels it is also a reflection of its successful new product launches and continuing commitment to invest significant resources to support its brand-building strategies. Also, driving sales is an expected double-digit increase in the number of active representatives. 4.4 Summary There is strong growth and improving profitability as the global outlook becomes Stable from Negative. 5. Ten-year pro forma forecast 5.1 Underlying Assumptions Avon had $650 million Agreement with Silpada. The company designs is the worlds largest and fastest-growing sterling silver jewellery home party company which is expected to generate revenue from 2015  [5]  . Focus on emerging markets such as Brazil, China, Colombia, Russia, Turkey, and Venezuela, aiming for high market share and brand recognition in these markets. The only positive regional revenue growth the company had been in the Latin America and China at 5.6% and 0.7%  [6]  . For example, China re-licensed Avon for direct-selling, which allowed Avons revenues from China to increase rapidly from 2006 to 2008. The total revenue from China rose from $212 million in 2006 to $353 million in 2009  [7]  . Similar situations may arise in Avons other emerging market segments. Increased cost of production and Companies are also focused on controlling their operating margins in order to maximize their profits. While advertising and commodity costs have been rising, efficient production has been useful in reducing margins. A takeover Rumour by LOreal expand in emerging markets, particularly in Latin America  [8]   First quarter for the year ended March 31st, 2010.  [9]  Avons net income was $43 million, a 64% decrease from Q1 FY 2009 net income of $117 million. The decrease was mainly caused by AVPs effective tax rate being a 66.1% due to the devaluation of Venezuelan currency. Excluding this negative impact, net income was actually $144 million. Total revenue increased 14% to $2.5 billion. The number of active representatives grew by 6% as the recessionary environment attracted many unemployed people to Avons independent selling business strategy. Additionally, the companys Beauty segment grew by 14%. Avon had mixed sales results internationally, as it had a 2% sales decline in North America, a 22% sales increase in Latin America, a 31% sales decrease in China, a 28% sales increase in Eastern Europe, and a 23% sales increase in Western Europe and Africa. The company spent $96 million on advertising a 23% increase from the same quarter last year. Second quarter for the year ended 30th June, 2010, Q2 FY 2010.  [10]  The companys Net Income was $167.6 million more than double the year-ago quarter value of $82.9 million. Net sales rose 8% to $2.68 billion. Sales in all of the companys product categories increased with 16% growth in perfume and 12% growth in color cosmetics. Avon increased advertising in the quarter to $97 million, up 19% from the prior year quarter. The company increased advertising mainly in Latin America. Geographically, Avons revenue increased 16% in Latin America from strength in Brazil and Mexico. Sales in North America remained flat. Important to note is Other Income for the quarter in review shows a deficit of usd 100m.  [11]   Third quarter for the year ended September 30th, 2010 Avons net income increased 7% to $167 million. The higher costs are due to advertising and weak sales from markets like china and Brazil. Net Revenue increased 4% to $2.66 billion, compared to $2.56 billion in the prior year quarter. The company benefited from higher sales in Latin America (8% growth) and Western Europe, the Middle East, and Africa (11% growth). However, sales in North America remained stagnant with a 2% decline in growth and sales in China fell by 30% as Avon tries to transition away from retail stores in the region in favor of a direct selling method that it uses in its other markets. Advertising costs increased 36% as the company promoted its fragrances as well as its two new product categories hair and acne  [12]  .