Code of Ethics Paper Essay Example for Free

Code of Ethics Paper Essay The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is a notable government based office that presents a site that keeps its client base very much educated on a wide assortment of subjects. Giving and assembling information to specialists and patients, this office and site fill in as an examiner. This extents from heath issues to the medication used to treat. The NIH has been a piece of history going from propels in penicillin to machines utilized, for example, the MRI. Likewise, NIH has financed and explored a large number of medications and doctors to discover fixes and treatment. As a group we accept that the NIH has social, moral issues, just as objectives that are met each day as a piece of their social obligation. â€Å"NIH’s mission is to look for central information about the nature and conduct of living frameworks and the utilization of that information to upgrade wellbeing, protract life, and decrease sickness and disability.† (USA.Gov, 2013) NIH’s objectives and their moral standards On the off chance that everybody were apprehensive about untrustworthy exploration, no one will take an interest or volunteer. Without the exploration subjects, growing new medication and medicines would be incomprehensible. Since a great many sacrificial and liberal examination chips in, the world has profited by a variety of clinical advances in utilized today. Besides, Effective chemotherapy and radiation medicines have restored a large number of individuals with malignancy, for example, bosom, thyroid, pancreatic, and cervical disease to give some examples. Furthermore, we have likewise profited by various antibodies that shield from lethal ailment, for example, polio, measles, chicken pox, and the occasional influenza. In addition, these clinical advances have made it conceivable to build mindfulness about nourishment and wellbeing ways of life (NIH, 2013). The National Health Institute’s objectives are to develop and advance â€Å"fundamental inventive revelations, crea tive exploration techniques and their application as a reason for eventually securing and improving health† (NIH, 2013, para. 1). Moreover, their objectives are likewise for helping support, and â€Å"renew logical human and physical assets that will shield the Nation competency to forestall disease† (NIH, 2013, para. 1) Furthermore, they work vigorously toâ â€Å"expand the information base in clinical and sciences to upgrade the Nation’s financial prosperity and assurance a proceeded with exceptional yield on the open interest in research† (NIH, 2013, para. 1). As indicated by the Journal of the American Medical Association (JAMA), before any exploration is begun there are seven moral standards the scientists must consent to. These standards help to explain carefully an intelligent structure for surveying the morals of any clinical examination contemplates: (1) social worth the exploration or study must characterize how are people groups wellbeing or pr osperity will improve; (2) logical legitimacy the exploration must have a speculation to be tried, and controlled; (3) reasonable subject choice an abroad gathering of individuals must be chosen , including age (more than 18), sex, and race, not defenseless or advantaged; (4)favorable hazard advantage proportion the examination shows that the less secure the investigation the more moral it is thought of; (5) autonomous audit an outer gathering must audit the examination and will support it or denied it. This training causes individuals to accept the examination is increasingly moral and unprejudiced. Likewise, this will limit expected irreconcilable situations; (6) educate assent the subject must be intellectually skilled to comprehend the total honesty of the examination, the choice must be intentional; (7) regard for the enlisted subject-the volunteers security must be ensured, withdrawal from the investigation can't be denied, and their wellbeing must consistently be observed. Th e analysts have the commitment to treat each and every individual who volunteers in a trial morally and consciously (Emanuel, Wendler, Grady, 2000; NIH Clinical Center Department of Bioethics, 2012). NIH’s culture and moral dynamic The National Institutes of Health (NIH) is probably the biggest association on the planet with respect to exploring progressions in medication and the improvement in conveyance of social insurance. Socially, the NIH is as various as the populace it offers types of assistance to. Accordingly, the NIH urges medicinal services suppliers to turn out to be all the more socially skilled so as to help them in improving the nature of administrations they give. As indicated by the NIH, (2013) â€Å"Cultural competency is basic to lessening wellbeing variations and improving access to top notch human services; social insurance that is conscious of and receptive to the requirements of various patients† (standard. 3). Having a superior information on the culturesâ a social insurance supplier conveys administrations to will permit that person the capacity to give a higher caliber of care and empower the person in question to stay moral when basic choices should be made. At present, the NI H is joint effort with different gatherings and associations to assist wellbeing with caring suppliers become increasingly mindful of the way of life they serve, which thus, will give better nature of care to all Americans (NIH, 2013). End of life is a territory of medicinal services the NIH recommends is particularly basic concerning society and settling on moral choices (NIH, 2013). There are a wide range of societies in the United States that don't have a similar perspective with regards to a family members’ last wishes. An article called â€Å"Diverse choices. How culture influences moral choice making†, composed by Wright, Cohen, and Caroselli clarifies the significance of social ability and moral dynamic at the purpose of a patients’ end of life. This essential part of medicinal services can be particularly testing to social insurance suppliers on the off chance that they are inexperienced with their patient’s social inclinations. If not rewarded wi th the affectability a family requires socially, the medicinal services supplier will probably experience issues in helping the family in showing up at a moral choice that best helps the patient. As expressed by Wright, Cohen, and Caroselli, (1997) â€Å"When these troubles are combined with incapable correspondence identified with social lack of care or ignorance, the impacts can be devastating† (standard. 1). Few seconds in life present the same number of difficulties as the finish of a family members’ life. Consequently, the NIH not just moves its association to turn out to be all the more socially capable, it additionally energizes and helps human services suppliers to do likewise, particularly while helping patients and their families in settling on the proper moral choice. NIH’s moral qualities supporting our moral qualities The NIH has plainly expressed that â€Å"turning disclosure into health† is a piece of their statement of purpose. Supporting this moral choice in the United States alone there are numerous people with interminable sicknesses or medical problems. In this way, it is protected to state that in light of the fact that the strategic the NIH is to discover fixes and medicines to better our country is in correspondence with most. As indicated by the NIH, (2013) â€Å"Nearly 50% of all Americans have a ceaseless ailment. NIH research makes critical steps towardâ treating and forestalling these long haul illnesses.† Along with advancing wellbeing, the NIH grows new mechanical instruments to treat any or most infirmities in the USA. They are continually searching for brilliant and positive newcomers to help explore and illuminate the NIH to give answers to a large number of people who have questions. The NIH has led exploration and discovered that malignant growth, diabetes, HIV /AIDS, and cardiovascular illness is on the decrease in light of the examination they have added to society. In light of their code of morals they are helping babies that are brought into the world today live to a typical age of 79, an immense improvement from the most recent 100 years. NIH trusts it â€Å"invests over $30.9* billion yearly in clinical examination for the American people.† (USA.Gov, 2013) and posted under NIH spending they compose â€Å"Research for the People†, an unmistakable message that this organization is high in moral qualities. They plan on broadening the examination limit of our nation and cultivate investigation. For any individual discovering treatment for friends and family or ones’ self goes connected at the hip with the moral convictions of the NIH. Social obligation regarding NIH in the network NIH has demonstrated itself to be socially answerable for the network as well as the whole populace. They have done research and contributed an immense measure of data that physician’s, staff, and patients the same use every day for individual or practice information. For instance, the NIH has given a huge number of occupations to investigate new innovation and to discover fixes ever the previous years. What's more, â€Å"to straightforwardly supporting examination, NIH subsidizing spikes a noteworthy measure of branch off monetary development in our networks, going from logical gear providers to biotech firms to organizations offering food and lodging.† (USA.Gov, 2013) So not just has it added to wellbeing of the populace, however is has demonstrated money related commitments to the populace. It has contributed more than $62 billion in income. In view of NIH’s research it will have momentary impacts as well as long haul ones too. Utilizing more than one million workers to do innovative work, the NIH has caused a tremendous commitment for employments to the individuals who to don't have one. Giving visits and different intends to comprehend what they do to the general population, they energize open mindfulness. Giving assets to more than 130 Nobel prize champs that have made such instruments like the MRI, NIH researchers have made ready for some and future researchers. The NIH expects â€Å"to grow the information base in clinical and related sciences so as to improve the Nations financial we

Nvq Unit 303 Supporting Children Through Transitions

Unit 303 Supporting youngsters through changes Transitions happen when a kid moves starting with one consideration circumstance then onto the next. Offspring of any age experience advances. 0-3 years Children go to a setting just because †a nursery, pre-school, creche, and childminder’s home. Move inside a setting †from the infant space to the little child room, or change childminders. To help and bolster the youngsters through the progress you could: †¢Ensure all enrollment data has been gotten before the kid joins in, with the goal that experts are set up to meet the child’s needs. Have a key laborer distributed to the kid †¢Combine visits with guardians, shorter remains before longer ones. †¢Tell kids and grown-ups that another youngster is coming and urges them to make the kid welcome. †¢Give the youngster a warm welcome. †¢Encourage kids and guardians to bid farewell to each other. †¢Show the kid around and clarify the daily practice, where to hang up coats and so on. †¢Remain strong. †¢Provide approaches to include families in the child’s experience, to help the change from the setting to home. 3-7 yearsTransitions are times of progress which by and large include lost natural individuals in a child’s life. Various kids react diversely to advances, kids going to pre-school or youngsters, a kid moving inside a setting. Kids have new living course of action or perhaps a stay in medical clinic. To help and plan for transform you could: †¢Communicate with the youngsters about the progress. Discussing what will occur just as tuning in to the child’s concerns. †¢Arrange a visit to another setting preceding the change with parental oversight. Guarantee all documentation about the youngster is sorted out ahead of time. †¢Communicate with the youngsters consistently to see and screen their improvement. 7-12 years Children and infants are normally persuaded to lean un til the age of seven or eight. At this age school work may get burdening and the enthusiasm to find may blur. To advance improvement of self-inspiration in kids you could: †¢Encourage youngsters to be idealistic †¢Encourage kids to esteem persevering exertion and to expect achievement when they attempt †¢Teach kids the benefit of conquering disappointment Encourage kids to celebrate and appreciate accomplishment †¢Give kids chances to ace their reality †¢Make learning applicable to the individual child’s premium †¢Teach kids in manners that intrigue to their styles and learning. 12-16 years Some kids experience various changes. This might be because of regular family breakdowns or maybe the idea of the guardians work. You ought to permit connections to shape step by step with companions and friends with such youngsters, taking consideration not to overpower them.Social administrations perceive the issues of various advances. As a youngster create s they despite everything need backing and support with change. Kids either changing school or class my still need direction. Here and there youngsters appreciate taking care of their own issues and ought to be permitted to do this. The transition to auxiliary school can be a very enormous change for youngsters. Kids regularly have basic nerves about changes, for example, will I make companions, will I like my educator, and will I get a lot of schoolwork, what occurs at noon. Guardians and carers ought to know about the child’s new environmental factors †¢Get associated with the move by talking and discussing both with the youngster and instructors. †¢Encourage time to talk with the youngster to keep a decent comprehension of what is happening and how the kid feels about the change. †¢Allow for passionate change as the kid creates. †¢Support the kid as they make physical and passionate changes. †¢Support and give great direction to the standards and c ontrols of both the home life and school.

Unit 12 Health and Social Care Essay Example

Unit 12 Health and Social Care Paper What is Public Health? Key Aspects of Public Health Practice Strategy How is this done? Models (at any rate 2) Monitoring the wellbeing status of the populace Following changes in the strength of the populace and telling individuals to potential issues. The rising degrees of corpulence inside the populace. Distinguishing the wellbeing needs of the populace Once patterns and examples are perceived, the probability of suggestions for administrations can be recognized. Comparable to weight, this can mean estimating the probability of higher requirements for diabetes bolster administrations. Creating projects to lessen hazard and screen for disease Trying to bring down the degrees of sick wellbeing by introducing new projects that perceive individuals as being ‘at risk’ of a condition and drawing in them in deterrent projects. For instance, a specialist perceiving that an individual is in danger of getting diabetes due to their heftiness and alluding them to weight the executives program for help in shedding pounds. Controlling Lowering the effect of irresistible While there are clear models, for example, transferable sickness infections through inoculation and other control measures. measles, mumps and rubella, this may likewise incorporate food cleanliness gauges in restaurantsâ and take-aways to control the spread of food contamination. Advancing the soundness of the populace Health-elevating exercises to bring down sick wellbeing in the populace. We will compose a custom article test on Unit 12 Health and Social Care explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Unit 12 Health and Social Care explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom article test on Unit 12 Health and Social Care explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer For stoutness, this may incorporate battles motivating individuals to be progressively dynamic or eat more products of the soil. Arranging and assessing the arrangement of wellbeing and social consideration Measuring the arrangement of significant wellbeing administrations and whether they are having adequate effect on the issue. On account of heftiness it might incorporate estimating whether: ?nearby administrations can meet the solicitation for weight the executives support ?there is adequate ‘capacity’ (for example administration arrangement) to fulfill the expansion need for stoutness related administrations? the current model of administrations in figuring out how to help individuals to bring down their weight and support that change. Target setting Important focuses for an area, district or nation that may to malady bring about decrease, improved inoculation rates, and so forth. A national government target is to end the increasing paces of corpulence in youngsters younger than 11 by 2010. An applicable nearby objective may be founded on weighting and evaluating gathering and Years 6 kids. This information could be utilized to follow progress against the national objective.

Why People Commit Crime Essays

Why People Commit Crime Essays Why People Commit Crime Paper Why People Commit Crime Paper Question 3: People perpetrated wrongdoing as a result of numerous reasons. From your own perspective, give three (3) reasons why individuals perpetrate wrongdoings? A wrongdoing is an illicit activity or action for which an individual can be rebuffed by law. A few people characterize wrongdoing as a demonstration of offense towards the profound quality of people. Others may see wrongdoing as a demonstration that hurts the all inclusive human rights. Thusly, for what reason do individuals despite everything carry out wrongdoings? There are numerous reasons why individuals carry out wrongdoings. A few wrongdoings were submitted as a result of appetite, need cash, contempt and outrage. In the mean time, the case of wrongdoing is looted, grab, theft, take and other. The most genuine wrongdoing is murdering someone else in spite of the fact that their darling one or their family. Wrongdoing isn't thought about the adoration and compassion towards the person in question. The principal reason is individuals carry out violations due to their craving. They take the food from slow down and furthermore from market to satisfy their stomach. This is on the grounds that they don’t have enough cash to get it. And furthermore the cost of food is costly. For instance, the cost for one bit of chicken is RM2. 50. The cost had trouble for specific individuals. Along these lines, they carry out to do wrongdoings as their stomach full and not hunger once more. Typically, a poor guardians take the nourishment for their youngsters to make them quiet crying from hunger. Proceed onward to the following point, the other motivation behind why individuals carry out violations due to the cash. All individuals need cash for endure their life. These days, individuals simply just observe who just had cash and they will disregard about the individuals that under advantaged. Something else, individuals need cash since they need to pay the obligation. Additionally they need in quick time and don’t realize where to get it. Along these lines, they will burglarize at the bank and the lavish house. Some of the time, it very well may be a genuine wrongdoing when they kill the proprietor of a house or the worker at the bank. They couldn't care less about the casualty as they get the cash. In addition, the medications someone who is addicted that slaughter their blood family for purchase tranquilize. To wrap things up, individuals perpetrate wrongdoings as a result of their indignation and contempt. It additionally can be called as their narrow minded explanation. This happen when the one individual accomplishing something wild to other individual. For instance, the present issues at school like tormenting. In this way, the harassing casualty will retribution to the individual that had tormenting him/her. This may make genuine wrongdoing like murdering somebody or beat their organ until incapacitated for the remainder of life. As an end, individuals perpetrate wrongdoing in light of their self. They have to control their feeling and recognize what they do is an incorrect way and not useful for their people to come. Also, it gives terrible impact and the violations can't be restricted once more. In this way, the legislature must assume their best job to give the discipline to the criminal like a capital punishment for the medications fiend and genuine violations. The motivation behind why individuals carry out wrongdoing due to their yearning, need cash, outrage and disdain can be unravel if every one of individuals give the best duty and not to childish. (505 words)

Device to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear Free Essays

string(63) creation of profoundly respected optics, with a couple changes. Feeling OF SIGHT†¦. The eyes are tactile organs. They keep the cerebrum refreshed with data about is what's going on around the body. We will compose a custom paper test on Gadget to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear or on the other hand any comparable point just for you Request Now Both contain a large number of minor sensors that send messages along nerves to the cerebrum. Sensors in the eyes react to light and, through the cerebrum, let us see the world. Sensors in the skin react to contact and permits us to feel. * The seeing eye†¦ Light enters the eye through the unmistakable cornea. It at that point goes through the understudy and is centered by the focal point around the retina. This slight layer covers the rear of the eye and contains cells that are delicate to light. At the point when light hits the phones, they impart signs to the cerebrum. There, the signs are transformed into pictures so we can see. Telescope†¦ Aâ telescopeâ is an instrument that guides in the perception of remote items by gathering electromagnetic radiationâ (such asâ visible light). The principal realized down to earth telescopes were imagined in the Netherlands at the start of the seventeenth century, utilizing glass focal points. They discovered use in earthly applications and space science. Inside a couple of decades, theâ reflecting telescopeâ was imagined, which utilized mirrors. In the twentieth century numerous new kinds of telescopes were created, includingâ radio telescopesâ in the 1930s andâ infrared telescopesâ in the 1960s. The wordâ telescopeâ now alludes to a wide scope of instruments identifying various areas of theâ electromagnetic range, and at times different kinds of locators. History†¦ The most punctual recorded working telescopes were theâ refracting telescopesâ that showed up in the Netherlandsâ in 1608. Their improvement is credited to three individuals: Hans Lippersheyâ and Zacharias Janssen, who were exhibition creators in Middelburg, and Jacob Metiusâ of Alkmaar. 4] Galileo heard about the Dutch telescope in June 1609, constructed his own inside a month,[5]â and incredibly enhanced the structure in the next year. The possibility that theâ objective, or light-social event component, could be a mirror rather than a focal point was being researched not long after the development of the refracting telescope. [6] T he potential focal points of usingâ parabolic mirrorsâ€reduction ofâ spherical aberrationâ and noâ chromatic aberrationâ€led to many proposed structures and a few endeavors to buildâ reflecting telescopes. 7] In 1668, Isaac Newtonâ built the principal reasonable reflecting telescope, of a structure which presently bears his name, the Newtonian reflector. The innovation of theâ achromatic lensâ in 1733 incompletely adjusted shading deviations present in the straightforward focal point and empowered the development of shorter, increasingly useful refracting telescopes. Reflecting telescopes, however not restricted by the shading issues seen in refractors, were hampered by the utilization of quick tarnishingâ speculum metalâ mirrors utilized during the eighteenth and mid nineteenth centuryâ€a issue lightened by the presentation of silver covered glass reflects in 1857,[8]â and aluminized reflects in 1932. 9] The most extreme physical size breaking point for refracting telescopes is around 1 meter (40â inches), directing that by far most of enormous optical exploring telescopes worked since the turn of the twentieth century have been reflectors. The biggest reflecting telescopes as of now have targets bigger than 10â m (33â feet). The twentieth century additionally observed the improvement of telescopes that worked in a wide scope of frequencies fromâ radioâ toâ gamma-beams. The primary reason incorporated radio telescope went with activity in 1937. From that point forward, a colossal assortment of complex galactic instruments have been created. The most effective method to use†¦ * Find a region where the things you wish to see aren’t impeded by trees to set up your telescope with the goal that you get an away from of the sky. * Look to check whether your telescope has a polar pivot. In the event that it does, it will follow whatever you are taking a gander at. In the event that you have a telescope with a polar hub, follow your manufacturer’s bearings on the most proficient method to adjust the polar pivot and the discoverer scope. * Select the eyepiece with the most reduced amplification that you have. Continuously start with the least amplification eyepiece until you become increasingly experienced in utilizing your telescope. Find the thing in the night sky that you wish to watch and spotlight in on it. Move the planet or star you are seeing as near the focal point of the field of view in the eyepiece as could reasonably be expected. * Remove the low amplification eyepiece and supplant it with an eyepi ece with a higher amplification. * Readjust the arrangement of the telescope when the planet or star floats out of view on the off chance that you have a manual telescope mount. * Continue as such, watching distinctive noticeable planets and stars. Optics †¦ Binoculars,â field glassesâ orâ binocular telescopesâ are a couple of indistinguishable or mirror-symmetricalâ telescopesâ mounted next to each other and adjusted to point precisely a similar way, permitting the watcher to utilize the two eyes (binocular vision) when seeing far off articles. Most are measured to be held utilizing two hands, in spite of the fact that sizes shift generally fromâ opera glassesâ to huge platform mounted military models. A wide range of shortenings are utilized for optics, includingâ glasses, nocs ,noculars , binosâ andâ bins. In contrast to a (monocular) telescope, optics give clients a three-dimensional picture: for closer items the two perspectives, introduced to ach of the viewer’s eyes from somewhat various perspectives, produce a consolidated view with anâ impression of profundity. History †¦ No sooner was the telescope designed in than the mid 1600s than did space experts get mounting two of them together, successfully cre ating the principal optics. Galileo (who is frequently erroneously credited with having concocted optics) adjusted a prior structure, utilizing optics that joined raised and inward focal points to make an amplifying impact simply like that pre-owned today in the least expensive nonprismatic glasses promoted for sports or theater seeing, or for use by kids. In the mid-1850s, Ignazio Porro of Italy protected a structure utilizing two crystals developed in a Z shape to give the watcher a picture that in addition to the fact that better is amplified, has profundity. The Porro crystal configuration was followed a couple of decades later by the rooftop crystal, in which the crystals are developed in one unit. Before long, optics were adjusted for military use, and were utilized during the Civil War. Quality made a major hop around the turn of the nineteenth century, and kept on being refined in the mid 1900s. With the coming of World War II, more producers entered the optics showcase, including, in the United States, Bausch ; Lomb. Germany proceeded with its creation of profoundly respected optics, with a couple of changes. You read Gadget to Overcome Sense of Sight and Hear in class Article models For instance, Zeiss, one of the top names in optics, encountered a confounding movement, with another plant built up in East Germany under Russian control with the Zeiss name while another industrial facility named Zeiss was started sending out from West Germany, as indicated by a history in the 1961 book Binoculars and Scopes and Their Uses in Photography, by Robert J. also, Elsa Reichert. Japan sends out optics by means of different producers, and some U. S. ompanies import Japanese-made optics however sell them under the U. S. organization name. The most effective method to use†¦ * Put the binocular lash around your neck. Wearing the neck-lash enables you to utilize two hands while you are utilizing the optics. * Adjust the barrels of the optics †each side you investigate †to the width of your face. By and large, you should simply draw the barrels nearer together or further separated as you hold the optics up to your eyes. In the event that you have balanced the optics effectively, you ought not see a dark â€Å"border† when you glance through the eyepieces. Find the focal center wheel, normally in the center of the two barrels of the optics. Turn the wheel gradually as you take a gander at a specific item out yonder to get the best concentration for your eyes. * Fine-tune your review significantly more in the event that you have a diopter center system around your optics. Not all optics have this center component, which makes up for the distinction in vision that you may involvement with every one of your eyes. The diopter center change wheel is as a rule around the right-hand barrel. * Keep the two eyes open as you see your objective articles. You may need to re-center every once in a while. * Clean your optics in the wake of utilizing them. A delicate, moist fabric is adequate for the body of the optics. Treated tissue paper used to clean cameras and eye glasses is alright for cleaning the focal points. Store optics in their conveying situation when you’re not utilizing them. Magnifying instrument †¦ Aâ microscopeâ (from the Ancient Greek:â , mikros, â€Å"small† andâ , skopein, â€Å"to look† or â€Å"see†) is anâ instrumentâ used to see protests that are unreasonably little for the unaided eye. The study of researching little items utilizing such an instrument is calledâ microscopy . Microscopicâ means imperceptible to the eye except if helped by a magnifying instrument. There are numerous kinds of magnifying lens, the most widely recognized and first to be designed is theoptical microscopeâ which usesâ lightâ to picture the example. Other significant sorts of magnifying instruments are theâ electron microscopeâ (both theâ transmission electron microscopeâ and theâ scanning electron magnifying lens) and the different kinds ofâ scanning test magnifying instrument History †¦ The principal magnifying lens to be created was the optical magnifying lens, in spite of the fact that the first innovator isn't anything but difficult to distinguish. An early magnifying lens was made in 1590 in Midd

The Teachers How-To Guide to Group Mind Mapping

The Teachers How-To Guide to Group Mind Mapping How to keep students engaged and productive within group activities is a never ending challenge for even the best teacher. Ok, it looks like we stated the obvious, but what is the solution? Group mind mapping. Mind what? Mind mapping. Mind mapping is an easy to learn technique  that builds effective structuring right along with students hand-on participation and collaboration. The bottom line? It is a proven and extremely successful method to develop a number of life’s essential skills while retaining more information, increasing productivity  and tapping into inner creativity. A whole new way of student teamwork setting them up for success. Take a look at this short video created by the Cork Institute of Technology  to learn more about the benefits of group mind mapping: Mind mapping in a group setting allows students to Break complex tasks down into smaller, more manageable parts Manage and plan time Solve more complex problems than they would on their own                                                 Develop creative ideas together Improve their problem solving abilities Work on their team and communication  skills @PStieple @mindmeister Students working in a group mapping project task and deadlines for Professions in Healthcare. #caccbest #cpsbest #AEO pic.twitter.com/7HAiIazWA8 â€" CACC-CPS (@CACC_CPS) October 27, 2016 Group Mind Mapping  in and Outside of the Classroom New-media literacy, cognitive load management and virtual collaboration are among the ten most important skills for the workforce of 2020.  Future Work Skills 2020 Try Mind Mapping in Your Classroom Brainstorming in Groups One of the most important uses of group mind mapping is brainstorming. The idea is to have the students minds free flowing with ideas and capture them as quickly as possible. It is also a great way to get the energy flowing and make the students feel equally involved. Online mind mapping tools such as  MindMeister support  real-time collaboration, which means that multiple students can work together on a mind map at the same time, each one contributing ideas from his or her own device. In MindMeister, each contribution made to the map is time stamped and marked with the student’s personal color code. In MindMeister’s History View the entire evolution of the map can then be reviewed. This allows the students to hold other group members accountable for completing their share of the assignment. No more slackers in your class! How to Brainstorm in a Mind Map Students must add the subject of their brainstorming session in the center of the mind map. As the ideas are beginning to flow, the students can then create branches stemming from the main idea in the middle. Each idea can again branch off into related sub-ideas and so on. As the ideas are being added to the mind map, they should be written in keywords that can later be expanded upon. The students should not be focusing so much on organization at this point but rather trying to record all ideas. And remember, all ideas are good ideas while brainstorming! After the brainstorming session, the students can then evaluate, vote on, and organize the ideas they’ve collected. Topics can easily be rearranged, grouped or removed. Students can make the mind map their own by adding colors, images and links related to their topics. Remember: Images are known to increase imagination! Collaboration via  Mobile Devices MindMeister offers free mobile apps for iPhone, iPad and Android devices which the students can use to access their maps while at home or during their commute to school. Managing Group Projects and Tasks MindMeister offers basic task management capabilities that students can use to plan school projects and assign tasks to each other. Each topic in the map can quickly be turned into a task with due date, priority and assignee. For bigger, more elaborate projects, students can use MeisterTask, MindMeister’s little brother, which also integrates with the mind mapping tool. In MeisterTask students can create visual project boards and arrange their to-dos in sections. How to get started Create a project board in MeisterTask and invite students to it via email.  They can sign in with their existing MindMeister credentials. Setup the board to fit with your project’s particular needs: You can create a simple To Do Doing Done workflow or create sections for different activities. If the project you’re working on is a school newspaper for instance, your sections might be Articles Design Images General To-Dos. Create tasks in the project  and assign them to the students responsible. You can also import tasks directly from a MindMeister mind map. Add due dates to the tasks and a description if necessary. Students can complete tasks as soon as they’re done. Creating Group Presentations Students can turn their mind maps into dynamic slideshows directly in MindMeister using the built-in presentation mode. Group presentations not only allow the students to put trust in one another to properly prepare but also to present the information they worked so hard to put together. How to create a mind map presentation Once they’ve successfully created their slideshow, students can connect one of their devices to a projector and project their presentation onto a screen in front of the class while they talk. Alternatively, they can also broadcast their map to the other  students  that have the map open on their device at the same time. Group Studying Students can also use group mind mapping to study for an exam or an upcoming test. Group studying is the perfect way for students to go over material that they may have missed during class. There is also a greater chance for the areas that they feel uncertain about to be the topic of discussion in the group. An interactive environment promotes creativity and a much deeper learning experience of the material. Teaching Ideas for Group Mind Mapping Fill-in Mind Mapping: Construct a mind map with material that will be on the exam. Replace the main concept labels with question marks and leave only the subtopic material. Have them fill in the topics that structurally makes sense. Provide students with a word bank of concepts and have them create a mind map with these and expand the map with more information. Students can be given extra credit for adding their own creative labels and ideas. This is a guest post by Courtney Miller.  Courtney is Head of Marketing at a dental practice in Boston, Massachusetts. In her spare time she plays competitive squash, travels and loves to sky-dive! You can connect with her on Facebook. Try Group Mind Mapping with Your Students

John Proctor as a Man of Character A Study of Scholarly and Critical Sources - Literature Essay Samples

Arthur Miller’s The Crucible was written in 1953 in conjunction with the anti-communist hysteria that had swept not only American society, but also the American justice system during the second Red Scare. Not contemporaneous to the time it was written, Miller’s play was intended to bring to light the parallels between McCarthyism in America and the gruesome higher stakes of the Salem Witch Trials; thereby challenging the rationality of congressional actions and the people’s response, but also, on a certain level, sympathizing with them. The Crucible demonstrates, above all, that doing the right thing is hard, and often requires a degree of bravery or personal sacrifice, which is exemplified in protagonist John Proctor. Proctor’s purpose in the context of the play, then, is to be in a state of development in terms of his conscience, character, and virtue, and to be able to ultimately triumph (despite the corporeal setbacks which ensue) over his personal str uggles in the name of protecting justice. When considered in conversation with the thinkings of Richard Gula, Stanley Hauerwas, Aristotle and James Keenan, it becomes evident by The Crucible’s final scene that John Proctor has become a man of conscience, character, and virtue. Richard Gula’s chapter on â€Å"Conscience† from his book Reason Informed By Faith defines the mature, moral conscience as â€Å" the ability to make up one’s mind for oneself about what ought to be done† (124). This functions in contrast with the superego, which Gula describes as a â€Å"weapon of guilt†; a person acting out of superego is making their decisions based solely upon societal and authoritative influences for fear that they will be made to feel bad otherwise (125). The actions of the young women of Salem, led by the jealous Abigail Williams, best exemplify this kind of decision-making. Before the play begins, the girls are described as having gone to the forest to dance naked and toy with black magic; actions obviously born not out of conscience or superego, but purely for rebellion’s sake. When the authorities in the town find out about their heathenly actions, the girls feel that they must create lies in order to reallocate the blame. This makes sense for young girls (ages range amongst them, but Abby is portrayed as the oldest at seventeen) because they are morally immature. Gula describes: â€Å"As we develop through childhood, the need to be loved and approved is the basic need and drive. We fear punishment as children not for its physical pain only, but more because it represents a withdrawal of love† (125). John Proctor is seemingly one of the few people in Salem who understand the true motivations behind the girls’ actions he never worships them like Parris, Hale, and the Judges do as he consistently, clearly does act out of conscience (from the three conscience, character, and virtue Proctor seems to struggle with this the least). He, for example, attends church considerably little for a Puritan (he has gone twenty six times in seventeen months) because he doesn’t believe the way Reverend Parris runs the church is satisfactory according to his Christian values. He tells Rev erend Hale in Act I, scene ii, â€Å"Since we built the church there were pewter candlesticks upon the altar†¦ but Parris came, and for twenty week he preach nothing but golden candlesticks until he had them†¦ when I look to heaven and see my money glaring at his elbows it hurt my prayer†¦Ã¢â‚¬ . There is also something to be said for Proctor’s refusal in the second act tell Judge Danforth the names of anyone who may have consorted with the Devil, although this is not an immediate success for him. Gula writes, â€Å"So many confessions†¦ are more clearly expressions of an overactive superego producing unhealthy guilt than they are the witness of an adult moral conscience renewing itself so that the moral person can serve God more lovingly and faithfully† (124). This holds true to John’s confession in the final scene that he did see the Devil. However, his refusal to name names and subsequent decision to die a good man are expressions of co nscience. John Proctor’s struggle with conscience mostly pertains to the final scene of the play, and arise from the Roman Catholic tradition’s first two dimensions of conscience synderesis (ability to identify â€Å"the good†) and moral science (discovering the good to be done and the evil to be avoided) (Gula 131). He simply cannot identify the good that he ought to do in this situation should he save his own life so that he can continue to provide for his wife and three sons? Or should he sacrifice himself so he can continue to have a name weighted with honor? Ultimately, he does win through and make the correct moral decision, though only by the penultimate page of the play. Stanley Hauerwas’ chapter, â€Å"Towards an Ethics of Character† from Volume 33, Issue 4 of Theological Studies, explains the concept of character as â€Å"the very reality of who we are as self-determining agents,† who consistently make distinctive and deliberate choices in order to live our lives a certain way, or according to certain values (154, 155). This is also one of John Proctor’s stronger points, because it is clearly demonstrated throughout the play that he has a reputation in Salem for being a man of honesty and integrity. References are made to his good name in the two scenes where it comes under immediate threat: in Act II, scene ii, when Proctor is telling Judge Danforth of his affair with Abigail Williams, he says of himself, â€Å"A man will not cast away his good name.† In Act II, scene iii, whilst Proctor refuses to incriminate others for interacting with the Devil, Parris says, of Proctor, â€Å" it is a weighty name, it will st rike the village that he confesses.† It is clear that his honesty is deliberate, as he establishes his belief that, â€Å"God damns all liars,† when trying to warn Mary Warren against being swayed to the immorality of Abigail’s power-hungry crusade (Act II, scene ii). All that being said, his actions do consistently reflect that he is an honorable man, as he often tells the truth when it seems particularly difficult to tell. For example, he admits blatantly to Reverend Parris that he does not respect his authority in the church. When Parris demands that there is a faction in the church conspiring against him, Proctor says: â€Å"Why, then I must find it and join it.† (Act I, scene i). In a society where the church is central to their daily life (there is no separation of church and state in Puritan culture), this is a particularly daring move, but all the same Proctor is not interested in giving Parris false praise. There are also a couple examples of Proc tor’s unwavering honesty in the context of his affair with Abigail. Before the play begins, he has already told his wife, Elizabeth, about the affair, as evidenced by their conversation over supper in which he berates his wife’s apparent judgement of him, when he has only been good to her and confessed his sins otherwise (Act II, scene i). He must then again confess his infidelity to Judge Danforth, and thereby the general public, when he is attempting to discredit Abigail in court as a thoughtless young girl, motivated by her jealousy of his wife and nothing more. Of course, the most significant indicator of John Proctor’s unchanging honesty comes in the final scene of the play, when he makes the decision to rescind his insincere confession. He is aware that confessing that he truly has not seen the Devil will cost him his life, but he is also aware that if he maintains the lie, it will cost him his honor, something which he would not wish to live without. James Keenan outlines the established cardinal virtues as well as offers a couple of his own in his â€Å"Cultivating the Cardinal Virtues.† In this text as well as in Aristotle’s â€Å"Nicomachean Ethics†, the term â€Å"virtue† is treated as being synonymous with â€Å"excellence† (Aristotle 33). The four most excellent attributes of the human person are then, according to Keenan’s summary of Aquinas: justice, temperance, fortitude, and prudence, where â€Å"prudence orders our practical reason; justice orders the will†¦; temperance and fortitude order the passions,† (149). Keenan’s personal contributions to the list of principal virtues are â€Å"fidelity† and â€Å"self-care†, in which we are called to act with these values as specific and unique relational beings (we are called to an original cardinal virtue justice as general relational beings) (150). I understand John Proctor as having specific relati onships to the virtues of temperance, fortitude, fidelity, and self-care, whether those relationships are positive or negative (or developing). Firstly, it becomes extremely apparent that Proctor struggles with his temper. Through the duration of the play, he gets into fits with his wife, Abigail, Parris, Mary Warren, and the Judges. It is, of course, valid for Proctor to feel passionately about the lives of his neighbors and friends being put at stake for no discernable reason, however he also utterly fails at being proactive. As Keenan describes in his text, â€Å"Thomas [Aquinas] argued that each person ought to establish a proactive agenda. If we become what we do, then we should intend ways of acting that can shape us better into being the type of people we think we should become.† (147). While John knows in the very beginning of the play that the girls are only grasping for attention and power and have not actually seen the Devil (When he mentions that there are rumors in the town about witchcraft in Act I, scene i, Abby responds, â€Å"Oh, posh! We were dancin’ in the woods last night, and my uncle leaped in on us. She [Betty] took fright, is all.†), he is consistently ignorant of the trials and arrests of his friends, too busy with his own marital matters; when his matters become entangled with those of the town, it’s then that he attempts to fight, but it is too late. Contrastingly, if we are broadly defining temperance as one’s control of their irrational passions, Proctor does exercise temperance in light of his affair with Abby he cuts her off, as he knows the rational thing to do is be patient and abide by his marital promises to his wife. This example obviously highlights John’s troubles with the virtue of fidelity as well; he has claimed that, outside of physical infidelity, he has remained emotionally faithful, but he comes to realize that he made an emotional â€Å"promise† to Abigail in their sexual relationship (Act II, scene ii). On the complete opposite hand, there is something to be said for John’s capacity for self-care in this context. At the point that he does engage in sexual acts with Abigail, his wife has been cold to him for many months on end. By fulfilling his physical needs, however contradictory to the virtue of fidelity or even his long-term emotional self-care, he is caring for himself in the short-term. The way he exercises self-care at the end of the novel is also contradictory; by turning himself over to die, he is abandoning all care of his physical self, but he knows that if he carries on living under the circumstances assigned to him, he will live only in a perpetual state of disgrace and self-contempt. Thereby, killing himself is the only way he can care for himself. Self-love is defined by Bernard of Clairvaux as, â€Å"the first step in a long process of returning to the love†¦ of God.† (qtd. in Keenan, 140). If not a touch literal, the action Proctor takes in this moment accomplishes exactly that. Finally, much like Proctor and conscience, Proctor ultimately shows that he is fortitudinous in the play’s final scene, when he must resist his urges of self-preservation. Aristotle outlines in Nicomachean Ethics the characteristics of virtuous activity. He says, â€Å"First of all, [the agent] must know what he is doing; secondly, he must choose t o act the way he does, and he must choose it for its own sake; and in the third place, the act must spring from a firm and unchangeable character.† (39). John Proctor fulfills each of these requirements in his final scene; first, Proctor very clearly grasps what he is doing we as the audience know this because the process of him coming to his decision is written in monologue. Secondly, he is obviously choosing the act for its own sake because acting is not at all in his self-interest as a man with a desire to live, and, third, the moments of the final scene are what concretize John Proctor as an honest, honorable man; where his character is set in stone. Elizabeth Proctor closes The Crucible with the line: â€Å"He has his goodness now†, in reference to her husband, who has made the ultimate sacrifice and has thereby absolved himself of his earlier sins in her eyes (Act II, scene iii). This line is staggeringly accurate when considered within the context of conscience, character, and virtue. While Proctor certainly struggles with all three throughout the play, it is in his final moment of sacrifice that he more clearly becomes a man who possesses all of these qualities in abundance.

The Lottery, by Shirley Jackson - 1468 Words

Today’s American Literature tends to put more of a realistic tone to writing than in previous time periods. Writers point out what society as a whole likes to pretend does not exist, and were often frowned upon for doing so. In Shirley Jacksons â€Å"The Lottery† she does exactly that by portraying themes like the inhumanity of violence and the tendency people have to follow traditions even when they do not agree with them. In a short biography about Jackson it says â€Å"The story was met with an avalanche of feedback, including hate mail and cancelled subscriptions. Many folks interpreted the story as an attack on the values of small towns America† (â€Å"The Shirley Jackson Page at American Literature†). This negative reaction is how most people†¦show more content†¦The literature has become more like a borderland in the sense that it is an undecided area, to which we are not sure how far we can push. In the dictionary the definition is exactly that â€Å"an uncertain, intermediate district, space, or condition† (Dictionary and Thesaurus - Merriam-Webster Online). What a person feels morally right about can really define the type of person they are. In this story no one sees anything wrong with what they are doing except the person who actually â€Å"wins,† and she doesn’t exactly see anything wrong with it she just does not want to die. This whole town does not realize what is right and wrong, or if they did they would not be sticking to this tradition let alone giving â€Å"little Davy Hutchinson few pebbles† (5). No matter what is officially declared to be right, these people should recognize the craziness of what they are exactly doing. No matter how important the ritual is officially, it is outdated and it is even stated that â€Å"Some places have already quit lotteries† (4). The only person who is so stuck on following the ritual is the oldest man in town Mr. Warner who feels like if the lottery is not done they will not have any good crops (3). For the reader this is of course an easy decision to make, but it isShow MoreRelatedThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1195 Words   |  5 PagesOn the surface, Shirley Jackson’s short story, â€Å"The Lottery,† reads as a work of horror. There is a village that holds an annual lottery where the winner is stoned to death so the village and its people could prosper. Some underlying themes include: the idea that faith and tradition are often followed blindly, and those who veer away from tradition are met with punishment, as well as the idea of a herd mentality and bystander apathy. What the author manages to do successfully is that she actuallyRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson757 Words   |  4 Pagessucceed but many fail just like the main character Tessie Hutchinson in Shirley Jackson’s short story â€Å"The Lottery†. When someone hears the word â€Å"lottery†, he or she may th ink that someone will be rewarded with prize. But â€Å"The Lottery† By Shirley Jackson is different than what one thinks. In the story, a lottery is going to be conducted not like Mega Million or Powerball one play here. In the story, the person who wins the lottery is stoned to death instead of being rewarded with the prize. TessieRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson931 Words   |  4 PagesIn 1948 Shirley Jackson composed the controversial short story â€Å"The Lottery.† Generally speaking, a title such as â€Å"The Lottery† is usually affiliated with an optimistic outlook. However, Jackson’s approach is quite unorthodox and will surely leave readers contemplating the intent of her content. The story exposes a crude, senseless lottery system in which random villagers are murdered amongst their peers. Essentially, the lottery system counteracts as a form of population control, but negatives easilyRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson1504 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson In The Lottery Shirley Jackson fills her story with many literary elements to mask the evil. The story demonstrates how it is in human nature to blindly follow traditions. Even though some people have no idea why they follow these traditions. The title of the story plays a role in how Shirley Jackson used some literary elements to help mask the evils and develop the story. The title â€Å"The Lottery† serves as an allegory. When people think of the lottery majorityRead More`` The Lottery `` By Shirley Jackson894 Words   |  4 Pagesshort story â€Å"The Lottery†, author Shirley Jackson demonstrates Zimbardo’s concepts in three different areas: Authority figures, Tradition and Superstition, and Loyalty. The first concept Jackson portrays in â€Å"The Lottery† is the authority figures. Jackson indicates that the lottery is being held in the town center by one authority figure, Mr. Summers, annually on June 27th. Every June 27th, without fail, townspeople gather in the town square to participate in the annually lottery even though mostRead MoreThe Lottery, By Shirley Jackson1510 Words   |  7 PagesShirley Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† illustrates several aspects of the darker side of human nature. The townspeople in Jackson’s â€Å"The Lottery† unquestioningly adhere to a tradition which seems to have lost its relevance in their lives. The ritual that is the lottery shows how easily and willingly people will give up their free will and suspend their consciences to conform to tradition and people in authority. The same mindless complacency and obedience shown by the villagers in Jackson’s story are seenRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson8 11 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† was published by Shirley Jackson. The story was true expression of Jackson’s genuine thoughts about human beings and their heinous competence in an annual village event for corn harvest . First, her used to word symbolized main point of the story. Second, Jackson was inspired by few historical events happened in the past and a life incident in her life. Lastly, She was able to accomplish the connection between historical and biographical with the story. Therefore, Shirley Jackson’sRead MoreThe Lottery By Shirley Jackson934 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"The Lottery† by Shirley Jackson signifies the physical connection between the villagers and their unwillingness to give up their tradition. â€Å"The Lottery† is very unpredictable and quite misleading. The black box has no functionality, except every June 27th. Shirley Jackson depicts the black box as an important and traditional tool. Although the villagers in â€Å"The Lottery† are terrified of the goal of the lottery and the black box, they are unwilling to let go of the tradition. Shirley Jackson portraysRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson799 Words   |  4 Pagesthe mood and to foreshadow of things to come. The Lottery by Shirley Jackson is a story in which the setting sets up the reader to think of positive outcomes. However, this description of the setting foreshadows exactly the opposite of what is to come. In addition, the theme that we learn of at the end leads us to think of where the sanity of some human beings lies. The story begins with the establishment of the setting. To begin, Shirley Jackson tells the reader what time of day and what time ofRead MoreThe Lottery by Shirley Jackson1764 Words   |  7 Pagesfilled with excitement and eeriness, leaving the reader speechless. The Lottery , a short story written by famous writer Shirley Jackson, created an uproar on June 26, 1948, when it was published in the magazine The New Yorker (Ball). The gothic thriller, set in an unknown time and place, shares the tradition of a small town, a little larger than three hundred people, in which a drawing is held once a year. In this â€Å"Lottery,† each family’s husband draws a slip of paper from a black box. The husband

Descartes A Paradigm Shift in Philosophical Thinking Essay

Descartes, often referred to as the â€Å"father of modern philosophy,† solidified his foundational role in abstract thinking with his work â€Å"Meditations on First Philosophy.† This piece sought to prove the existence of God, as well as provide a criticism of our epistemic standards and values. By undergoing a thought experiment that involved a form of methodological skepticism, Descartes attempted to analyze his beliefs from a clean surface, to see how many of his typical thoughts and beliefs he would be able to keep. Any form of doubt about a belief or topic would warrant its removal from Descartes’ metaphorical table, and unsurprisingly, that table was quite empty. The persistence of Descartes’ work is not due to a lack of†¦show more content†¦Using the afore-mentioned notion of methodological skepticism, Descartes attempts to abandon everything that he could possibly doubt. Interestingly, he even allows some room for the pressing atheist, claiming that he has â€Å"no reply† (at this point in his meditations) towards arguments that God is fictitious (Descartes 137). He takes this a step further, and claims that if he is reforming his beliefs from a clean slate, he cannot even be aware that he is awake. Rooted in the notion that our senses are fallible, Descartes wonders if it is possible to be aware that what we are doing is actually reality. Through the regular deception of our senses (via mirages, misinterpretations, fallibility†¦) it is possible that we are deceived in ways that are outside of what we typically consider a deception. Descartes represents this metaphorically thorough the idea of a demon that has no other purpose then to deceive him in every way. He harkens to the notion that when we dream, we take what is appearing before us to be real. Furthermore, whatever you use to tell you are not dreaming could merely be part of the dream. 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International Bank Entry Driven Home Host Country Factors Finance Essay - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 3 Words: 956 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Finance Essay Type Narrative essay Did you like this example? Many international banks were under funding stress due to financial crisis. Some funding strains led international banks to put greater emphasis on home office funding needs and on funding foreign credit extension in local markets. In recent year, financial services have become increasingly important. From many surveys done by (Gray Gray, 1981) (Dunning, 1977) etc it was found that many banking institutions are becoming international. In last few decades it has been seen that many foreign banks are entering markets, especially in developing countries, to provide a broad range of financial services locally. This has been driven by domestic deregulation, e.g., the removal of entry barriers, technological advances, increased financial integration and more generally heightened globalization.  [i] Now with increasing technological advances and good communications, banks are now increasingly able to provide many types of financial services across borders to non -financial firms foreign affiliates without needing to establish affiliates in foreign markets. It wont be wrong to say that banks follows their customers to provide them with financial services abroad, especially trade and project finance, and thereby increase their businesses and profitability. Bank profitability is mainly affected by domestic and foreign economic activity. In the period to early 1994, the declining interest rates, which made the possibility of higher rates of return in emerging markets attractive or the technological advances and innovations in financial instruments have made it easier to buy into emerging markets.  [ii] According to Cerutti, DellAriccia, Maria Soledad MartÃÆ'„ ±Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´nez PerÃÆ'„ ±Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ´a, Among the host country factors, they consider important factors like legal restrictions, entry requirements, and corporate taxes on foreign bank operations. In addition, they also examined about what responsibilitie s of parent banks have vis-à  -vis the liabilities of their branches and subsidiaries, by looking at the impact of measures of host country economic and political risks. Moreover the national governance or legal environment is also somewhat responsible for the banks profitability. As described in Anon., (2005), a foreign bank can enter a given market in one of the following four organizational forms: representative offices, agencies, branches and subsidiaries.  [iii] According to the survey on global industry profit conducted by The McKinsey Company in 2006 (see Figure 1), Dietz et al. (2008) indicates that the revenues and profits in the banking industry amounted to 788 billion that is the highest in comparison to other industry. As Figureshown, it is noted that from 2000 to 2006 developing countries grew significantly faster profits than those in the world. This can be easily proved from question no.1; the above table shows that developing countries were making more profi t than developed countries this proves that banking sector was growing vigorously. This also indicates that the banks were taking interest in setting up there branches in developing countries.  [iv] Claessens and Horen developed a measure of competitive advantage for each source-host country pair based on assessments of countries institutional environments. They used difference-in-difference model to explain bilateral banking FDI and controlling for other factors, after that they found that in driving foreign banks location decision especially for mergers and acquisitions institutional competitive was one of the important and advantageous factor. Basically the important factors which attracts the bank to go international are The ownership advantages which not only involves asset advantage but transaction advantage of a bank The locational advantages of a market which involves the attractiveness of the host country market seeking and host country competition. The fi rms internalisation advantages i.e. the benefits which are generated due to the reduction of the transaction cost. the host country regulation (regulatory barriers, government attitude and politics, information cost and institutions) Liquidity Management: The management of cash flows across an institutions balance sheet (and possibly across counterparties and locations) can be known as liquidity management. It involves the control of maturity/currency mismatches and the management of liquid asset holdings. Funding: The sourcing of liabilities can also be known as funding. The funding strategy is used to know how a bank intends to remain fully funded at minimum cost consistent with its risk appetite. Such a strategy is not used for balance cost efficiency and stability but is also used to target a broader funding which provides more stability reliable funding. Internal determinants: Internal determinants are factors that are mainly changed by a banks management dec ision and policy destination. Such profitability determinants are related to the level of liquidity, provisioning policy, bank size, capital adequacy and expenses management. External determinants: On the other hand, the external determinants, both industry-related and macroeconomic, are factors reflecting the legal environment and economic where the financial institutions operate. The micro economic factors relative to the target bank in the host country (efficiency and profitability). BLOMSTERMO, A., SHAMA, D. D. SALLIS, J., (2006) provide the definitions on the high and the low control entry modes. They specify that for high control entry modes (e.g. wholly owned subsidiary, majority owned subsidiary, etc.) there is a need of more resource commitment in the host country, and the company investing abroad are insecure. The low control modes (e.g. licensing, different types of contractual relationships, etc.) employ a reduced volume of resources, thereby reducing the risk the investing company is facing. On one hand, the high control entry mode provide high integration and control, while on the other hand, the low control entry mode, give low control and intergration (i.e. cooperative agreements), reduced risk. Foreign-owned banks located in developing countries tend to be more profitable as predicted by skilled management, but less profitable compared with domestic banks. Even though GDP at host country have significantly negative effect on NIM (net interest margin), foreign banks show extremely profitable in comparison to domestic ones. In addition, host country with higher inflation level would largely increase bank NIM (net interest margin).  [v] Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "International Bank Entry Driven Home Host Country Factors Finance Essay" essay for you Create order

Disability Discrimination Disabled People With Disabilities

Jessie Eddins Ms. Faris English IV 16 May 2017 Disability Discrimination In 2010, 19% of the U.S. population had a disability (â€Å"Nearly 1 in 5 People Have a Disability in the U.S., Census Bureau Reports†) and there is no doubt that today, in 2017, that number has increased. The first act that protected the civil rights of people with disabilities was not passed until 1973 (â€Å"What U.S. federal legislation protects the rights of students with disabilities?†). In 2015, there were 26,968 disability cases received by the EEOC (â€Å"EEOC Releases Fiscal Year 2015 Enforcement and Litigation Data†). Although there are many acts and laws in place protecting the rights of disabled people, there needs to be harsher punishments and violation fines in order†¦show more content†¦federal legislation protects the rights of students with disabilities?†). These numerous acts have all helped provide protection in both the workplace and in the community. There is so much that an employer and employee has to understand and know if they are going to hire, or work as, a disabled person. If a person has a medical condition, that does not mean that they are protected by the law. A person has to be qualified for the job and classify in one of the three ways to be protected by law for having a disability (â€Å"Disability Discrimination†).â€Å"A person may be disabled if he or she has a physical or mental condition that substantially limits a major life activity, has a history of a disability such as cancer that is in remission, or is believed to have a physical or mental impairment that is not transitory (lasting or expected to last six months or less) and minor† (even if he or she does not have such an impairment) (â€Å"Disability Discrimination†). Firing, demoting, or cutting someone s pay because they are disabled is discrimination and is against the law as well as being discriminated because someone has a family member or is married to someone with a disability (â€Å"Disability Discrimination†). Employers have to keep all medical records and information ofShow MoreRelatedDiscrimination Against Disabled People With Physical And Mental Disabilities Essay1421 Words   |  6 Pagesare different forms for all discrimination in today’s society. Discrimination is a concept that society has been portrayed as an acceptable act. Ableism is the discrimination against people with physical and mental disabilities. Even though discrimination in society is very impactful and persuasive there have been many steps taken to help improve the discrimination and equality in the work place for the disabled. Ableism is the act of discrimination against disabled people, there is also many aspectsRead MoreDiscrimination Against the Disabled Essay1489 Words   |  6 Pagestoday’s time different is not accepted, people that are different are discriminated, looked down upon and usually picked o n. People with disabilities are seen as different creatures by most people, the disabled don’t choose to be the way they are, but still our society alienates them. There are different types of disabilities, some type of disabilities are; mental disability, physical disability, learning disability and socializing disability. These disabilities are seen as weakness in our society thatRead MoreThe government wants to ensure that disabled people are treated fairly in a lot more ways. This Act800 Words   |  4 PagesThe government wants to ensure that disabled people are treated fairly in a lot more ways. This Act illustrates a disabled person as anyone with physical or mental impairment which has big and long-term adverse impact upon their ability to carry out normal day to day activities. For people who with disabilities this act makes it unlawful for them to be discriminated against. It can be for employment, access to good facilities and services, management, buying or renti ng of land and property and educationRead MoreSupport Services Available For People Living With Disabilities809 Words   |  4 Pagesavailable for people living with disabilities. It is important these services are in place to ensure disabled people have the same opportunities as everyone else. The Equality Act was put into place in 2010 to ‘support the rights of disabled students by giving greater legal protection against discrimination’. (Disability Rights UK, 2012) The act emphasises the legal duty on education providers, employers and service providers to make appropriate changes in order for disabled people to take part inRead MoreThe Diversity Policies Of Australia1013 Words   |  5 PagesDisability Discrimination is a behaviour that is unlawful and unacceptable toward people that have a disability. Besides that, there is over four million Australians that have disability living in Australia (1). Therefore, Disability Discrimination Act 1992 was launched in ord er to protect people with disabilities so that they can have normal life as others. Australia Post was chosen in order to explain in details about the Act as well as diversity policies that the company uses within the companyRead MoreAttitudes Towards Disabled People Are Not Exactly Ideal.1521 Words   |  7 Pages Attitudes towards Disabled people are not exactly ideal. Personally, I am disabled and I have firsthand knowledge of how many disabled people are treated in society. Disabled people have feelings just like people that aren’t disabled. Rude stares and hateful comments shouldn’t be something disabled people have to deal with. That is why I think the way society treats disabled people needs to change. As a disabled person I feel that, I have to deal with rude comments and actions from society all theRead MoreDiscrimination Against People With Disabilities1729 Words   |  7 Pages People with Disabilities Mental and physical disabilities are often not well understood. With lack of understanding comes discrimination against people with disabilities. However a growing trend of awareness from the media, advocate groups and development of legal mechanisms have helped provide justice to these people and continues to improve the situation. 18.5% of Australia’s population (4.2million Australians) has a disability. This is a surprisingly large number, however only about 6% of theRead More Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Essay757 Words   |  4 Pages Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) Approximately 54 million non-institutionalized Americans have physical, intellectual, or psychiatric disabilities (Hernandez, 2000). . The Americans With Disabilities Act (ADA) protects individuals with disabilities from discrimination based upon their disability (Bennett-Alexander, 2001). The protection extends to discrimination in a broad range of activities, including public services, public accommodations and employment. The ADAs ban againstRead MoreThe Disability Of A Disabled Person Feeling Alone Essay1315 Words   |  6 PagesA disability can be physical or mental and affects many people in the general population. Some of these disabilities include depression, schizophrenia, post-traumatic stress disorder, down syndrome, intellectual and more. You can find unequal treatment of people with disabilities in schools, society and work setting, leading to isolation, low self-esteem, and low self-worth of these individuals. Most often they are excluded from social events since society believe they do not fit into the socialRead MoreAcross The Nation Employment Rates Are Holding Steady For1696 Words   |  7 Pages individuals with intellectual disabilities and no progress is being made to increase those percentages. Disability employee opportunities are not fair and lacking equity. The problem is that people with intellectual and developmental disabilities have a difficult time trying to receive employment opportunities. There are numerous factors that attribute to the cause of this issue, which include individuals with disabilities can only attain lower wage jobs, discrimination in the workplace, and their

The Hidden Truth on A Raisin in the Sun Essay Topics Uncovered

The Hidden Truth on A Raisin in the Sun Essay Topics Uncovered The New Fuss About a Raisin in the Sun Essay Topics Racism is among the most devastating factors related to modern society. In fact, the play proves that discrimination is a terrible thing that could ever happen in society. Even though the value of family is an obvious theme, Handlebars intensifies the simple fact that those that are in severe poverty need to make hard decisions so as to survive. Minor conflicts erupt above their disagreements. At first his frustration is on account of the familys financial situation, but nonetheless, it just grows with Ruths pregnancy. It won't be easy for them to live there due to the prejudice they'll face, but they choose to move forward regardless of it. There are lots of things which are not very noticeable, but after considering them, they prove to be of wonderful importance. What all you will need is getting the assistance from a specialist and EssaysChief is going to be the expert that you seek out. Walter has to explain that lots of people who are white beleive they are better then those people who are black. Ruth is confronted with a number of internal conflicts when she discovers she's pregnant. Also, judging from the period of time, there are not any assurances that Beneath will develop into a physician. Characteristics of a Raisin in the Sun Essay Topics On the flip side, Walter appears to have a dream for the family. He throws the man out of the house. Beneatha would like to use it in order to pay for medical school. In the same way, the department barely gets any sunlight in the slightest. He is ready to work hard but not to work from the bottom up. Although the road ahead will be difficult, they are aware that they've made an honorable selection. Done come walking in my home. The absolute most glaring erratic decision that is created by Walter is the liquor investment choice. Many quarrels result from the money. Every member of the Younger family has a separate, individual dreamBeneatha wishes to develop into a doctor, by way of example, and Walter would like to get money so he can afford things for his loved ones. Their father has just passed away, and they're expecting a $10,000 life insurance policy check. Ruth is pregnant and could want to have an abortion. She struggles with her kids' obsession of money and questions the form of adults they're becoming. Beneatha on the opposite hand, has the American dream of receiving an education. He wishes to replenish his marriage and offer his son along with all the opportunities he never had growing up. About the mouth for those children. a Raisin in the Sun Essay Topics Explained You may also adjust the brightness of display determined by the sort of system you're utilizing as there exists lot of the means to correct the brightness. We have a handy purchase form, which you are able to complete within minutes and cover the order by means of a secure payment system. You could also improve your eBook reading encounter with help of alternatives furnished by the software program for instance the font size, full screen mode, the specific range of pages that will need to get displayed at once and also alter the color of the backdrop. Interface hypothesis of completely free accessibility to gene ratan. For the reason it's simple to compose an excellent, interesting paper on it. As the topic of a research paper on conflict the play is a superb supply of material. Lesser the movement you must make while reading the eBook better will become your reading experience. Get a whole paper today. The Raisin in the Sun Essay Topics Cover Up For a lot of the story there's internecine warfare between the family. Through his character, Hansberry has the ability to illustrate lots of the class tensions which exist within the African-American culture. The complicated character of Beneatha demonstrates another hidden quality near the end of the play. Include physical along with personality characteristics. It is by far the most important dream. After the movie is over, ask the class to explore the prompts and chat about how reading the play in comparison to watching the movie. Beneath Younger is quite outgoing and not scared to taste new experiences which were offered to her during college. If it's so, then you'll be having some difficult time for a student together with being a writer.

Battle Of The Buldge Essay Research Paper free essay sample

Battle Of The Buldge Essay, Research Paper The Battle of the Buldge was the last of the German onslaughts. It lasted from December 16,1944 to January 28, 1945. The Battle of the Buldge was the largest land conflict of World War 2. More so a million work forces participated in this conflict, 600,000 Germans, 500,000 Americans and 55,000 British ground forcess were contending. Towards the terminal of 1944, World War 2 was coming to an terminal. The German forces were weakening. Hitler # 8217 ; s ground forcess were on the tally. The Allies had regained land that was antecedently taken over by the Nazis, such as Paris, Casablanca and Tripolia. Hitler decided that a surprise onslaught against the Alliess could turn the tide of the war. He built up big ground forcess with freshly built armored combat vehicles, heavy weapon and aeroplanes. Hitler # 8217 ; s last onslaught had to work or he would be defeated. The program was to process 85 stat mis from Southern Belgium to Luxembourg and assail the Alliess by surprise. We will write a custom essay sample on Battle Of The Buldge Essay Research Paper or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page He would assail during the Christmas season in the Ardennes Forest, an country where there were merely a few allied shoulders. The invasion was designed to split the American and British armies in half. However it did not succeed. The German armies caught the allies by surprise. They had some success in the beginning and were able to take a lot of land from the allies and captured many allied soldiers. The allied forces fought Hitler’s armies bravely. They held on to their ground wherever they could. They slowed down the German armies until American and English reinforcements arrived to fight the Germans. The German army was no match for the allied forces. They were running out of fuel, men and ammunition. After fierce battles the German forces were pushed back and gave up all the land they had conquered in the beginning of the battle. The allied forces completely destroyed the German armies. From this time forward the Germans were never able to raise a large army again to attack the allies. The allied forces soon invaded Germany and completely destroyed the rest of the German army. Hitler committed suicide in May o f 1945 and the Germans surrendered shortly after. This is how World War 2 ended.

How Can Genuine Democracy Emerge from Authoritarian Regimes free essay sample

Tensions between an expanding global consciousness and old structures that limit freedom are giving birth to new experiments in governance. Although the perception and implementation of democracy differ globally, it is generally accepted that democracy is a relationship between a responsible citizenry and a responsive government that encourages participation in the political process and guarantees basic rights. Social revolutions in 2011 are not yet reflected in Freedom Houses 2010 ratings, which showed political and civil liberties declined for the fifth consecutive year, the longest decline since 1972, when the annual analysis began. Freedom declined in 25 countries and improved in 11. Those living in 87 free countries constituted 43% of world population, while 20% live in 60 partly free countries, and 35% (over 2. 5 billion people) live in 47 countries listed as not free. There were 115 electoral democracies in 2010, compared with 123 in 2005. Press freedoms have declined for nine consecutive years; 15% of the world lives in the 68 countries with a free press, 42% in 65 countries with a partly free press, and 43% live in 63 countries without free media. 1] Predominantly young and increasingly educated populations are using the Internet to organize around common ideals, independent of conventional institutional controls and regardless of nationality or languages. These new forms of Internet-augmented democracy are beginning to wield unparalleled social power, often bypassing conventional news media, as happened in the Arab Spring Awakening, where 60% of the population is below the age of 30. 1. What is authoritarianism? Authoritarianism is a historically generated phenomenon in response to state crises of political order. Its main characteristic has been elitist dictatorship, with the occasional cult of personality. It is a response to democratic failure, social polarization, economic stagnation, and international instability. [2] It generally exercises sovereign power through single-party rule, and may depend upon military forces to maintain order. In its extreme control over society, it may become a totalitarian monopoly. Authoritarian regimes often offer trade-offs between economic development and political democracy, and have been the historical gateway to democratic systems when political order is well-established, and long-term economic progress is anticipated. Authoritarianism is a theory and a system of government customarily linked with dictatorship, in contrast to democracy. It is a principle based on obedience to authority, and opposes autonomy of individuals in thought and action. As a form of government, authoritarianism concentrates power in a leader or in a small elite not constitutionally accountable to the people. Unlike totalitarian systems, authoritarian governments usually lack a highly developed ideology. Also, the latter tends to tolerate a degree of pluralism in social organization, usually lacks the power to mobilize the nation for collective goals, and exercises its power within limits. Leaders in authoritarian systems often exercise their power arbitrarily and consider themselves above existing law. Modern authoritarian systems usually operate through single, dominant parties, which control government and other key parts of society, including the economy, media, and education. They usually do not hold free elections, which could replace them with a competing party. It is either difficult or impossible for citizens to create opposition groups or parties. 2. What is Democracy? Democracy  is a  form of government  in which all eligible citizens have an equal say in the decisions that affect their lives. Democracy allows eligible citizens to participate equally—either directly or through elected representatives—in the proposal, development, and creation of  laws. It encompasses social, economic and cultural conditions that enable the free and equal practice of  political self-determination. [3] The term originates from the  Greek   (demokratia) rule of the people,   which was coined from (demos) people and (kratos) power or rule in the 5th century BCE to denote the  political systems  then existing in  Greek city-states, notably  Athens; the term is an antonym to   (aristocratie) rule of an elite. While theoretically these definitions are in opposition, in practice the distinction has been blurred historically. The political system of Classical Athens, for example, granted democratic citizenship to an elite class of free men and excluded slaves and women from political participation. In virtually all democratic governments throughout ancient and modern history, democratic citizenship consisted of an elite class until full enfranchisement was won for all adult citizens in most modern democracies through the suffrage movements of the 19th and 20th centuries. The English word dates to the 16th century, from the older  Middle French  and  Middle Latin  equivalents. [4] A democratic government contrasts to forms of government where power is either held by one, as in a  monarchy, or where power is held by a small number of individuals, as in an  oligarchy. Nevertheless, these oppositions, inherited from Greek philosophy,  are now ambiguous because contemporary governments have mixed democratic, oligarchic, and monarchic elements. Karl Popper  defined democracy in contrast to  dictatorship or tyranny, thus focusing on opportunities for the people to control their leaders and to oust them without the need for a  revolution. Several variants of democracy exist, but there are two basic forms, both of which concern how the whole body of all eligible citizens executes its will. One form of democracy is  direct democracy, in which all eligible citizens have direct and active participation in the decision making of the government. In most modern democracies, the whole body of all eligible citizens remain the sovereign power but political power is exercised indirectly through elected representatives; this is called representative democracy. The concept of representative democracy arose largely from ideas and institutions that developed during the  European Middle Ages, the Reformation, the  Age of Enlightenment, and the  American  and  French Revolutions. . Democratization. 3. 1. Definition of democratization. Democratization  (or  democratisation) is the transition to a more democratic  political regime. It may be the transition from an  authoritarian  regime to a full democracy, a transition from an authoritarian political system to a semi-democracy or transition from a  semi-authoritarian  political system to a  democratic  pol itical system. The outcome may be  consolidated  (as it was for example in the  United Kingdom) or democratization may face frequent reversals (as it has faced for example in  Argentina). Different patterns of democratization are often used to explain other political phenomena, such as whether a country goes to a war or whether its economy grows. Democratization itself is influenced by various factors, including economic development, history, and civil society. 3. 2. What can facilitate transition to democracy? There is considerable debate about the factors which affect or ultimately limit democratization. A great many things, including economics, culture, and history, have been cited as impacting on the process. Some of the more frequently mentioned factors are: Wealth. A higher  GDP/capita  correlates with democracy and while some claim the wealthiest democracies have never been observed to fall into authoritarianism, Hitler would be an obvious counter-example that would render the claim a  truism. There is also the general observation that democracy was very rare before the industrial revolution. Empirical research thus lead many to believe that economic development either increases chances for a transition to democracy (modernization theory), or helps newly established democracies consolidate. Some campaigners for democracy even believe that as economic development progresses, democratization will become inevitable. However, the debate about whether democracy is a consequence of wealth, a cause of it, or both processes are unrelated, is far from conclusion. Education. Wealth also correlates with education, though their effects on democratic consolidation seem to be independent. A poorly educated and illiterate population may elect  populist  politicians who soon abandon democracy and become dictators even if there have been free elections. The  resource curse  theory  suggests that countries with abundant natural resources, such as  oil, often fail to democratize because the elite can live off the natural resources rather than depend on popular support for tax revenues. On the other hand, elites who invested in the physical capital rather than in land or oil, fear that their investment can be easily damaged in case of a revolution. Consequently, they would rather make concessions and democratize than risk a violent clash with the opposition. Market economy. Some claim that democracy and market economy are intrinsically linked. This belief generally centers on the idea that democracy and market economy are simply two different aspects of freedom. A widespread market economy culture may encourage norms such as individualism, negotiations, compromise, respect for the law, and equality before the law. These are seen as supportive for democratization. Social equality. Acemoglu and Robinson argued that the relationship between social equality and democratic transition is complicated: People have less incentive to revolt in an egalitarian society (for example,  Singapore), so the likelihood of democratization is lower. In a highly unequal society (for example,  South Africa  under  Apartheid), the redistribution of wealth and power in a democracy would be so harmful to elites that these would do everything to prevent democratization. Democratization is more likely to emerge somewhere in the middle, in the countries, whose elites offer concessions because (1) they consider the threat of a revolution credible and (2) the cost of the concessions is not too high. This expectation is in line with the empirical research showing that democracy is more stable in egalitarian societies. Middle class. According to some models,  the existence of a substantial body of citizens who are of intermediate wealth can exert a stabilizing influence, allowing democracy to flourish. This is usually explained by saying that while the upper classes may want political power to preserve their position, and the lower classes may want it to lift themselves up, the middle class balances these extreme positions. Civil society. A healthy  civil society  (NGOs,  unions,  academia,  human rights  organizations) are considered by some theorists to be important for democratization, as they give people a unity and a common purpose, and a  social network  through which to  organize  and challenge the power of the  state  hierarchy. Involvement in civic associations also prepares citizens for their future political participation in a democratic regime. Finally, horizontally organized social networks build trust among people and trust is essential for functioning of democratic institutions. Civic culture. In  The Civic Culture  and  The Civic Culture Revisited,  Gabriel A. Almond  and  Sidney Verba  (editors) conducted a comprehensive study of civic cultures. The main findings is that a certain civic culture is necessary for the survival of democracy. This study truly challenged the common thought that cultures can preserve their uniqueness and practices and still remain democratic. Culture. It is claimed by some that certain cultures are simply more conductive to democratic values than others. This view is likely to be  ethnocentric. Typically, it is  Western culture  which is cited as best suited to democracy, with other cultures portrayed as containing values which make democracy difficult or undesirable. This argument is sometimes used by undemocratic regimes to justify their failure to implement democratic reforms. Today, however, there are many non-Western democracies. Examples include  India,  Japan,  Indonesia,  Namibia,  Botswana,  Taiwan, and  South Korea. Human Empowerment and Emancipative Values. In  Modernization, Cultural Change and Democracy,  Ronald Inlgehart and Christian Welzel explain democratization as the result of a broader process of human development,  which empowers ordinary people in a three-step sequence. First, modernization gives more resources into the hands of people, which empowers capability-wise, enabling people to practice freedom. This tends to give rise to  emancipative values  that emphasize freedom of expression and equality of opportunities. These values empower people motivation-wise in making them willing to practice freedom. Democratization occurs as the third stage of empowerment: it empowers people legally in entitling them to practice freedom. In this context, the rise of emancipative values has been shown to be the strongest factor of all in both giving rise to new democracies and sustaining old democracies. Specifically, it has been shown that the effects of modernization and other structural factors on democratization are mediated by these factors tendencies to promote or hinder the rise of emancipative values. Further evidence suggests that emancipative values motivate people to engage in elite-challenging collective actions that aim at democratic achievements, either to sustain and improve democracy when it is granted or to establish it when it is denied. Homogeneous population. Some believe that a country which is deeply divided, whether by ethnic group, religion, or language, have difficulty establishing a working democracy. The basis of this theory is that the different components of the country will be more interested in advancing their own position than in sharing power with each other. India is one prominent example of a nation being democratic despite its great heterogeneity. Previous experience with democracy. According to some theorists, the presence or absence of democracy in a countrys past can have a significant effect on its later dealings with democracy. Some argue, for example, that it is very difficult (or even impossible) for democracy to be implemented immediately in a country that has no prior experience with it. Instead, they say, democracy must evolve gradually. Others, however, say that past experiences with democracy can actually be bad for democratization — a country, such as  Pakistan, in which democracy has previously failed may be less willing or able to go down the same path again. Foreign intervention. Democracies have often been imposed by military intervention, for example in Japan and Germany after WWII. In other cases,  decolonization  sometimes facilitated the establishment of democracies that were soon replaced by authoritarian regimes. For example, in the United States South after the  Civil War, former slaves were disenfranchised by  Jim  Crow laws  after the Reconstruction Era of the United States; after many decades, U. S. democracy was re-established by civic associations (the  African American civil rights movement) and an outside military (the U. S. military). Age distribution. Countries which have a higher degree of elderly people seems to be able to maintain democracy, when it has evolved once, according to a thesis brought forward by Richard P. Concotta in this article in Foreign Policy. When the young population (defined as people aged 29 and under) is less than 40%, a democracy is more safe, according to this research. 3. 3. Historical cases Democracy development has often been slow, violent, and marked by frequent reversals. In Great Britain, the  English Civil War  (1642–1651) was fought between the King and an oligarchic but elected Parliament. The Protectorate  and the  English Restoration  restored more autocratic rule. The  Glorious Revolution  (1688) established a strong Parliament. Only with the  Representation of the People Act 1884  did a majority of the males get the vote. [5] The  American Revolutionary War  (1775–1783) created the United States. In many fields, it was a success ideologically in the sense that a relatively true republic was established that never had a single dictator, but slavery was only abolished with the  American Civil War  (1861–1865), and  Civil Rights  given to African-Americans became achieved in the 1960s. [6] The  French Revolution  (1789) briefly allowed a wide franchise. The  French Revolutionary Wars  and the  Napoleonic Wars  lasted for more than twenty years. The  French Directory  was more oligarchic. The  First French Empire  and the  Bourbon Restoration  restored more autocratic rule. The  Second French Republic  had universal male suffrage but was followed by the  Second French Empire. The  Franco-Prussian War(1870–71) resulted in the  French Third Republic. The  German Empire  was created in 1871. It was followed by the  Weimar Republic  after  World War I. Nazi Germany  restored autocratic rule before the defeat in  World War II  . The  Kingdom of Italy, after the unification of Italy in 1861, was a  constitutional monarchy  with the King having considerable powers. Italian fascism  created a dictatorship after the World War I. World War II resulted in the  Italian Republic. The  Meiji period, after 1868, started the modernization of Japan. Limited democratic reforms were introduced. The  Taisho period  (1912–1926) saw more reforms. The beginning of the  Showa period  reversed this until the end of the World War II. 3. 4. Views on democratization. Francis Fukuyama  wrote another classic in democratization studies entitled  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The End of History and the Last Man†Ã‚  [7]which spoke of the rise of  liberal democracy  as the final form of human government. However it has been argued that the expansion of liberal economic reforms has had mixed effects on democratization. In many ways, it is argued, democratic institutions have been constrained or disciplined in order to satisfy international capital markets or to facilitate the global flow of trade. Samuel P. Huntington  wrote  Ã¢â‚¬Å"The Third Wave†[8], partly as response to Fukuyama, defining a global democratization trend in the world post WWII. Huntington defined three waves of democratization that have taken place in history. The first one brought democracy to Western Europe and Northern America in the 19th century. It was followed by a rise of dictatorships during the  Interwar period. The second wave began after World War II, but lost steam between 1962 and the mid-1970s. The latest wave began in 1974 and is still ongoing. Democratization of  Latin America  and the former  Eastern Bloc  is part of this  third wave. A very good example of a region which passed through all the three waves of democratization is the Middle East. During the 15th century it was a part of the Ottoman empire. In the 19th century, when the empire finally collapsed [ ] towards the end of the First World War, the Western armies finally moved in and occupied the region[9]. This was an act of both European expansion and state-building in order to democratize the region. However, what Posusney and Angrist argue is that, the ethnic divisions [ ] are [those that are] complicating the U. S. effort to democratize Iraq. This raises interesting questions about the role of combined foreign and domestic factors in the process of democratization. In addition, Edward Said labels as orientalist the predominantly Western perception of intrinsic incompatibility between democratic values and Islam. Moreover, he states that the Middle East and North Africa lack the prerequisites of democratization. 10] Fareed Zakaria  has examined the security interests benefited from democracy promotion, pointing out the link between levels of democracy in a country and of terrorist activity. Though it is accepted that poverty in the Muslim world has been a leading contributor to the rise of terrorism, Zakaria has noted that the primary terrorists involved in the  9/11  attacks were among the upper and upper-middle classes. Zakaria has suggested that the society in which  Al-Qaeda  terrorists lived provided easy money, and therefore there existed little incentive to modernize economically or politically. With little opportunity to express themselves in the political sphere, scores of young Arab men were invited to participate[11]  through another avenue: the culture of  Islamic fundamentalism. The rise of Islamic fundamentalism and its violent expression on September 11, 2001 illustrates an inherent need to express oneself politically, and a democratic government or one with democratic aspects (such as political openness) is quite necessary to provide a forum for political expression. Conclusion. The transition to stable democracies will be difficult. New democracies must address previous abuses of power to earn citizens loyalties without increasing social discord and slowing the reconciliation process. Some global trends nurturing the emergence of democracy include increasing literacy, interdependence, Internet access, e-government systems, international standards and treaties, multipolarity and multilateralism in decisionmaking, developments that force global cooperation, improved quality of governance assessment systems, transparent judicial systems, and the growing number and power of NGOs. It is critical to establish legitimate tamper-proof election systems with internationally accepted standards for election observers. Some 20 countries offer legally binding Internet voting. Direct voting on issues via the Internet could be next to augment representative democracy. Since an educated and informed public is critical to democracy, it is important to learn how to counter and prevent disinformation, cyberwarfare, politically motivated government censorship, reporters self-censorship, and interest-group control over the Internet and other media. Organized crime, corruption, concentration of media ownership, corporate monopolies, increased lobbying, and impunity threaten democracy. Old ideological, political, ethnic, and nationalistic legacies also have to be addressed to maintain the long-range trend toward democracy. Fortunately, injustices in different parts of the world become the concern of others around the world, who then pressure governing systems to address the issue. Despite restrictions and intimidations, independent journalists, intellectuals, and concerned citizens are increasing global transparency via digital media. Although making development assistance dependent on good governance has helped in some countries, genuine democracy will be achieved when local people—not external actors—demand government accountability. Since democracies tend not to fight each other and since humanitarian crises are far more likely under authoritarian than democratic regimes, expanding democracy should help build a peaceful and just future for all. Meanwhile, international procedures are needed to assist failed states or regions within states, and intervention strategies need to be designed for when a state constitutes a significant threat to its citizens or others. Challenge 4 will be addressed seriously when strategies to address threats to democracy are in place, when less than 10% of the world lives in nondemocratic countries, when Internet and media freedom protection is internationally enforced, and when voter participation exceeds 60% in most democratic elections.