Drug abuse Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Drug abuse - Essay Example Drug abuse is common especially among the youth in the underprivileged societies and the effects of drugs, though many can be successfully combatted and dealt within the community. The major aim of the essay is to investigate the effects of drug abuse in the poor neighborhoods and come up solutions to counter this problem in any way possible. Drug abuse is most common among the poor societies. Poor people get involved in drugs due to various reasons and the major reason is peer pressure especially among the youth. Most youths believe that taking drugs make them look and appear cool among their peers. They feel the pressure to take drugs so that they can fit in with the rest of their friends. They mostly get into drugs without looking into the repercussions. Others are influenced by their family member especially in families with a history of drug abuse. The child in a poor society does not get to have proper role models to advise them and to lead them to a more peaceful and drug-free life. Other people take drugs so that they can forget their problems if only temporarily. Drugs offer a temporary solution to forgetting the deeper issues that they need to deal with. According to Fiellin and Sindelar, drug abuse causes a lot of problems where the medical and psychological impacts of drug abuse are very obvious. A drug addict cannot operate and function in the same way that other human beings do. The effects of drugs cloud their judgment and they are bound to make mistakes and wrong choices in the society. For instance, a drug user is likely to engage in crime in order to buy drugs. Alternatively, they are also likely to engage in sexual activities that they would not engage in under normal circumstances. Drug users do not take care of their families and they do neglect their duties such as taking care of their children. The urge to take drugs takes precedence over everything else in their lives. If the drug addict is the bread winner of the house, then the

CSR and Ethics on Northern Bank Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

CSR and Ethics on Northern Bank - Essay Example CSR thought that leaders are not a homogenous group nor they do not even predict one of the evolutionary tracts for over the next decade. It is so interesting to speculate the way on how to prosper in future according to cultural view in the social welfare and social economic in relation to political changes within the company. Regulation of Executive and Shareholders of Northern Rock The regulations of the executives pay desirable because it has exposed the regulatory failings whereby the global official has responded with the regulatory fixes, including some that could have made a difference. It sounds so ethical that taking in to account the interests and contributions of the people who interact becomes the basis for ethical behavior and the governance. The shareholders are completely being divested by the ruling European company. They are in reality opting for fairness and justice in order for them to feel faithful in running the system of the business (Sims 2010). The regulation , including the rule of the corporations can be structured to reduce the impact on society and in their working place. The shareholders should have a democratic society which can be controlled the acceptable corporate behavior. There are factors that have made the vulnerable business collapse. For example, the northern rock rapid growth which has been fuelled by the aggressive of lending to dubious borrowers. Again, the tough new liquidity standards aimed at forcing the banks to hold some of the shares because of compensation from the banks. The rationale for the shareholders has not been beneficial from the sale of the bank, this is because of investors from the banks who have not favored the nationalism and then the judgment on the damage based on the economy. According to Joel Bakan puts that, â€Å"no one should seriously suggest that the individual should regulate themselves that the laws are against murder, assault and theft are unnecessary because of people are socially resp onsible (Nelson 2012). This shows that, corporate people who lack the whole world should be left free to rule them selves. The business case for the CSR in some parties is affected by the ability to create wealth for themselves and the community. It sounds so ethical that taking in to account the interests and contributions of the people who interact becomes the basis for ethical behavior and the governance. In business cases for CSR, it is essentially a strategic plan fort he firms which anticipates and address the issues associated with the interactions with others and also through out the business in their future endeavors. Deontology Theories of Corporate Social Responsibility According to the philosophers, Deontology simply means the theory of duties carried by people in an organization. Deontology theory entails the commitment, obligation and duties based on ethics. Kant argues that, people should act in the right way and must act to their duties. The motive, as in Kantâ€℠¢s view of ethics states that, it is right regardless of what the solution or the result is. One of the roots of the crisis in Northern Rock lay in the difficulties of the American sub prime market. Loans were provided to people because of their low income, or lack of assets, or the type of property being purchased, could not obtain a loan or mortgage. The fact to deontological theory is that,

Theories of Imperalism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words - 1

Theories of Imperalism - Essay Example The object of acquiring a colonial empire was usually to raise it to the status of a world power,† (Mommsen, 1977, p.5) as he quotes Chamberlain in 1897: â€Å"It seems to me that the tendency of the time is to throw all power into the hands of the greater empires, and the minor kingdoms – those which are non-progressive – seem to be destined to fall into a secondary and subordinate place,† (p. 6). This is the State Oriented theory of Imperialism and its main connection is with the territory and it is connected with the British patriotism. The whole idea of this imperialism was that British people had to acquire more and more territories in unsuspecting and underdeveloped countries to show their patriotism towards the country and Crown. The expansion of territory went on unabatedly for at least two centuries, till Britain owned one third of the world, arrogantly claiming that Sun never set in British Empire. The original meaning of Imperialism was simply one powerful ruler ruling over many territories and regions either inside European continent, or anywhere else in the world. It meant the all-powerful British crown making policies for colonies in the distant East and West of the globe. He says this position at home strengthened the situation of Conservative party of England. Classic political theory of Imperialism developed in the other half of the nineteenth century. German scholars like Heinrich Friedjung are at the helm of this theory. The colonial expansion ambitions of Napoleon III, no doubt ended in total disaster; but it gave credence to the grandeur of imperialism, the legitimate and magnificent rule of a mighty ruler over lesser mortals. Mommsen says that Friedjung did tremendous amount of work to establish the classical theory of imperialism by combining the nationalistic ideology working for the domination of far-flung areas for the sole purpose of national gratification. The days were conducive and any victory over the natives of colonies was

Entomology. insect. Sexual Selection Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Entomology. insect. Sexual Selection - Essay Example The two point mandibles found in the male beetle are because of sexual selection. In the case of stag beetles, the males fight and the females choose the strongest. This ensures that the female choose and reproduce with males who posses their favourable characters. Sexual selection is only for male and that is why the male develop adaptive and non-adaptive features to attract the female. The male beetle genital morphology comprises of two outstanding and general models of morphological variation. This morphological variation includes swift evolutionary divergence both in shape and in complexity as well as poor relationship with body size as suggested by Simmons, Tomkins and Hunt (1999). The aspect of sexual selection causes these variations. Some of the variations are non-adaptive, for instance, the reduction of the scaling relationship between the genital size and the body size. The idea that evolution of new traits is followed by trade-offs is important in evolutionary studies. The weapons used by the male stag beetle in fighting can be physiologically expensive and are mostly trade offs with investment in other characters, like spermatogenic investment and wings. This investment into other weapons results in the evolution of mating strategies for the male beetles. For instance, the enlarged mandibles used for male-to-male competition. The male-male fight in sexua l selection accounts for the evolution of exaggerated traits used as weapons in male competition. The exaggerated characters can be responsible for the dispersal and ejaculatory strategies. The change of investment into other traits or weapons for competition can lead to evolutionary changes in life history characters. Since investment in exaggerated traits can cause trade-offs alongside other traits related to fitness, life history tactics are affected by evolution of sexually selected behaviour. During evolution, the males’ population

Information Searches Term Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Information Searches - Term Paper Example A low involvement product can also be one that requires less effort in decision making because it is constantly bought. A regular buying behavior normally occurs if the involvement is low and there is a small brand difference. (Sandhusen, 2000) In this case therefore, the consumer of the product selects it because it is familiar to him or her. A man’s perfume is a good example of a product in this category. Medium involvement purchase is defined as a situation whereby the consumer would not care when selecting a product for purchase. For instance when booking a holiday hotel room, the consumer may not mind about the nature of services at the hotel because he or she there for a short time. Most products and services in this category are normally impulse because there is normally no prior consideration to buy them. An example is the purchase of new dresses, blouse and jewelry for a night out. High involvement purchases are those whereby the buyer spares much time and effort in s earching for the products. Involvement in any type of purchase gets high for those products that are costly and are much significant to ones’ life. (Evans, 1982). Consumer behavior is the study of individual or groups and how they choose, secure and dispose products and services in order for them to get satisfied. ... (Kotler,1986). Consumers normally carry out both internal and external search. Internal search is normally a psychological process that involves a buyer’s perception about a certain product. The consumer may want to know about their direct experiences about a certain product in the market: The feelings, attitudes, beliefs and behaviors about a certain product in the market. For instance, a lady may not want to use certain soap because it dries her skin. Information search is also a tool to determine consumer behavior which is affected by the buyer’s learning, attitude, perceptions and risk.(Kotler,1986). Manufacturers of products will normally come up with the necessary actions which make consumers search for information about their purchases. These include processes such as, standardization of prizes for the products, advertising which creates awareness to customers for them to make the appropriate decision about a product. Again, they can offer promotions and free sam ples in order to motivate the buyers. Thirdly, manufacturing companies of these products should at times brand their products so that the customers can notice something new about the products and buy them. In the production of a lady’s perfume for instance, makers need to pay attention to the above marketing strategies. (Kotler,1986). Problem recognition helps consumers feel a discrepancy about the number of brands of a product in the market. The principles regarding problem recognition and reaching the consumer’s desired state include the following. First is the issue of product analysis. This is whereby makers of products look keenly in to the product before selling it to consumers. Again, the makers need to

Basic Practices Essay Example for Free

Basic Practices Essay Their basic practices consist of what they call the Five Pillars and the Jihad. The Five Pillars of Islam are: Beliefs and witness; Daily prayers; Zakat; Fasting; and Hajj. Beliefs and witness Every Muslim, without resorting to the use of force or intimidation, are obliged to spread the words of Islam so that other people may know about it, understand it, and use the knowledge to guide them in choosing their faith. They are convinced that once non-Muslims acquire enough knowledge, they would voluntarily embrace Islam (Fisher, 2005). Daily Prayers Prayers should be recited five times a day while facing the direction of Mecca. It is believed that requiring every Muslim to face Mecca symbolizes unity among the devotees of Islam around the world, while the daily prayer emphasizes Islam’s teaching that every Muslim should remember God everyday of his or her life (Fisher, 2005). Their daily prayer is called salat and consists of the Fajr, or the morning prayer; the Zuhr, or the noon prayer; the ‘Asr, or the afternoon prayer; the Maghrib which is the sunset prayer; and the Isha, or the night prayer which is said at night just before going to bed (Robinson, 2007). Zakat Zakat, the third pillar, means â€Å"spiritual tithing and almsgiving. † Muslims are enjoined to help the poor by donating part of their annual income to charities of their choice at the end of each year. The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, for example, channels its contribution through the Islamic Relief Organization which aids people around the world regardless of their religion. Other Muslims could give their contribution to their local mosques (Fisher, 2005). Fasting Every year, the first Qur’anic revelation is celebrated with a month-long fasting called Ramadan. All able Muslims are required to abstain from â€Å"food, drink, sexual intercourse, and smoking† from dawn to dusk. Although fasting during Ramadan is an obligation, fasting, per se, is advised from time to time because it provides an individual with â€Å"a Transparent Soul to Transcend, a Clear Mind to think and a Light Body to move and act† (Fisher, 2005). Ramadan is considered as their holiest period which every Muslim who is over 12 years old is expected to observe. However, a Muslim could be excused from observing Ramadan because of reasons of health. This was expressly provided for in chapter 2, verses 183 and 185 of the Qur’an, viz: O ye who believe! Fasting is prescribed to you as it was prescribed to those before you, that ye may (learn) self-restraint Ramadan is the (month) in which was sent down the Quran, as a guide to mankind, also clear (Signs) for guidance and judgment (between right and wrong). So every one of you who is present (at his home) during that month should spend it in fasting (Robinson, 2007). Hajj The last Pillar – the Hajj – is a pilgrimage which every Muslim is expected make provided that he or she is financially and physically capable. It should be done even only once during his or her lifetime to honor Allah. Their pilgrimage destination is Mecca, where their holiest sanctuary, the Ka’bah, was built by Abraham with the help of his son Isaiah (Fisher, 2005). The Hajj was described by the Council of Islamic Education as consisting of several ceremonies, meant to symbolize the essential concepts of the Islamic faith, and to commemorate the trials of prophet Abraham and his family Prophet Muhammad had said that a person who performs Hajj properly will return as a newly born baby [free of all sins]. The pilgrimage also enables Muslims from all around the world, of different colors, languages, races, and ethnicities, to come together in a spirit of universal brotherhood and sisterhood to worship the One God together (Robinson, 2007). Jihad Jihad means struggle. It is often misinterpreted by non-Muslims because it has often been portrayed by the media in the west as another term for a â€Å"holy war† which is waged by Muslims against non-Muslims. However, for Muslims, Jihad is actually a personal struggle to excel in one’s work or achieve a noble objective. It also means a Muslim’s struggle for â€Å"self-purification† (Robinson, 2007). Impact of Muhammad’s life on Islam The birth, life, and death of Muhammad impacted the world of Islam differently. His birth in 570 CE signaled the resurgence of the religion which had already sank into obscurity for centuries because the people of Meca rejected the monotheistic religion preached by Abraham. His life as a preacher which began three years after the start of the revelations resulted to a rejuvenated Muslim world. The flight of the Muslims to Medina (or the hijrah) which he orchestrated in order for them to escape persecution from the hands of the Qurayshites of Mecca was what strengthened Islam as soon as they had settled in Medina. Their newfound strength later enabled them to raise a strong army to recapture Mecca from the hands of the Qurayshites. However, while he re-established Mecca as the holy sanctuary of Islam, Muhammad himself chose to live in Medina (Fisher, 2005). While his birth signaled the rebirth of Islam and his life rejuvenated their religion, his death in 632 CE in Medina rocked the Muslim world. It caused a serious split among the followers of Islam. The Shi’a and Sunni Muslims became irreconcilably separated because of the issue of succession after Muhammad died. Most of the surviving Muslims believed that although Muhammad was able to leave explicit instructions telling his followers what to do after his death, they contended that he failed to anoint his successor. Thus, for the said majority, the issue of who should succeed Muhammad became an issue which should be settled satisfactorily in order to prevent dissension among the Muslims. After only discussing the problem briefly, they decided to settle the issue of succession by election. Unfortunately, the minority group insisted that it was not true that Muhammad failed to name his successor. They declared that several weeks before he died, Muhammad held the hand of his son-in-law, Ali, and uttered the following words: â€Å"Whoever I protect, ‘Ali is also his protector. O God, be a friend to whoever is his friend and an enemy to whoever is his enemy† (Fisher. 2005). The issue of succession was ultimately decided according to the wishes of the majority – by election – but the two factions have never reconciled up to this day. The Shi’a Muslims now form the majority faction in Iran, while the Sunnis are the majority in â€Å"Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Turkey, northern African countries, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Central Asian countries of the former Soviet Union, and Indonesia† (Fisher, 2005). The minority, the Shi’a Muslims or the Shi’ites, interprets the Qur’an strictly and adheres rather closely to the teachings embodies in the Qur’an. The Sunnis, or the majority, constitutes almost 90% of all Muslims who are considered traditionalists and secular. Because of their secularity, they are more adaptable than the Shi’ites (Robinson, 2007).

Sport Psychology Case Study

Sport Psychology Case Study DOING SPORT PSYCHOLOGY1 INTRODUCTION Performing optimally on any level is daunting, but when your next paycheque depends on your performance, it adds a whole new dimension to the stress and challenges faced. By adopting more effective ways and tools to deal with these obstacles, these athletes are able to overcome these challenges and perform at their best. SECTION A – Initial contact with athlete At the beginning of January I walked into the Dojo, ready to start a new year of training, and saw a new face, sweating it out in the cage. Roeloff â€Å"the Wolf† Scheepers, Professional EFC Fighter, had joined our Dojo. Roeloff is 28 years old and has been training in various forms of Martial Arts since he was in primary school. Roeloff relocated to Mossel Bay in December 2013 from Rustenburg, where he trained with Teammendes for about four years. After school he joined the South African Air Force and served in Iraq with the United States Marine Corp from 2005 to 2006. A few years ago he lost his job and had to take on professional fights in order to try make a living. Our Dojo has a lot of students and many different classes running simultaneously, and with him training for EFC 30, and me training and instructing it was quite a while before I had a chance to strike up a conversation with him. I had heard via the grapevine that he had suffered a bad loss last year due to injury, so I used this to strike up a conversation with him one night while he was taking a break. We became fast friends, and often discuss the ups and downs and challenges of fighting professionally. Roeloff had a very hectic training schedule so he was at the Dojo at least 6 days a week, morning and night. I instruct on a Monday and Wednesday, and train Mondays to Thursdays, so I was able to chat to him at least 4 days a week. Our interactions and conversations were very casual, usually before, during and after training. As we trained under the same instructor and in the same Dojo I had plenty of opportunities to observe him training. I was also privileged enough to go to Cape Town to watch him fight at EFC 30 in June. I found Roeloff very open and eager to chat to me about his training and challenges. He is always looking for ways to learn more and improve on his existing techniques and training and was eager to hear if I had any advice for him. One of the biggest challenges faced by professional MMA fighters is the mental aspect of the training. The physical side of fight preparation is brutal, and if you are not mentally strong, the training can easily get the better of you. When training for a fight, cutting weight, incessant sparring, rolling, weight training and cross-fit training can really work a number on you mentally and physically. Roeloff maintains that if you are not mentally prepared and strong enough you will not make it. One of his biggest challenges was the weight cut. Professional fighters get paid per fight, R5000 for a loss and R10000 for a win. If at the weigh in, a fighter does not make weight, his opponent has the choice of whether to fight him or not. If the opponent chooses to continue with the fight, the fighter that did not make weight has to pay his opponent 75% of his fight purse, win or lose. Because of this, some fighters go to extreme measures to cut their weight, and there is such a fine balance between healthy methods that enhance energy and performance, and unhealthy methods that can totally sabotage the fighter. It is also very tough being on such a strict diet while your friends can eat as they please. It takes a huge amount of self-control and discipline to stick to the eating plan, and sometimes Roeloff lacks this self-control when he is not being monitored closely. He also has the tendency to get despondent when he feels he is not performing up to standard. He sets high standa rds for himself, and he trains and fights for his Dojo†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦his instructor and fellow students†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.and he does not want to disappoint us. So he puts a lot of pressure on himself. I really enjoyed this stage of the process. Getting to know Roeloff and observing him was very interesting, and I have made another good friend as a result of it. It was very informative and a great learning curve, and allowed me to look at fighting from a different perspective. SECTION B – Literature review I did a search through various literature on enhancing performance by setting goals in order to give Roeloff some advice. Most of the studies that have been done over the years regarding goal setting and performance have been in the industrial context. It is only in the last 20 years or so that studies have been done on the relationship between goal setting and performance in sports and these studies have shown a positive correlation between goal setting and performance in sports. Goal setting is important otherwise the athlete will not know what he is working towards. This can be demotivating in itself. Goal setting theory is based on what Aristotle called â€Å"final causality† (Locke, E.A., 1996). According to Locke (1996) there are internal and external aspects to goals. Internally they are ideas, while externally they refer to the object or condition sought, therefore the idea guides the action to attain the object. In a study conducted with 5 rugby players, Hanton et al (2006) found that goal setting was effective in improving the rugby player’s performance. Smith Ward (2006) found that after Football players had set goals they performed better than they did during their baseline testing. In a study conducted by Weinberg, Bruya, Longino and Jackson (1988) they found that the group of athletes that were given specific goals performed better than the group that was told to â€Å"do their best†. Specific goals facilitate behaviour change more effectively than general non-specific, â€Å"do your best† goals do. By setting specific explicit goals, the athlete knows exactly what is expected of them and what they want to achieve. This is what I believe Roeloff needs in order to deal more effectively with the challenge of trying to cut weight. Goals should also be difficult but not unrealistic. Often for a professional fighter, the amount of weight they have to lose may seem to be impossible. Due to this impossible amount of weight to be cut, the fighter might even start believing it is impossible even before he starts his eating program, causing him to lose motivation before he even starts. This is counterproductive for any athlete trying to achieve a particular goal. It is argued by Locke (1990) that if goals are to difficult and result in failure, the athlete will lose motivation which in turn will lead to a decrease in performance, therefore goals need to be attainable and not too difficult. SECTION C – Intervention After I had gotten to know Roeloff a bit better, I spoke to him about my assignment and studies, and that I would like to observe him and could maybe offer some advice for him to try out. He was very eager for any feedback that could help him in any way. He also feels that I would maybe see things from a different perspective than him or our instructor that could be helpful. As we both spent a lot of time at the Dojo I got plenty of opportunity to observe him while training. We often socialise outside the Dojo, so I got to know him on a personal level. I often found that just by watching and listening, I gleaned a lot of information about how he thinks and feels, and what challenges he faces. One of his biggest issues is rigidly sticking to the eating plan set up by his nutritionist for his required weight cut. Cutting weight is a long hard process that can go on for months. It is easy to lose sight of the reason for the diet, so I suggested to Roeloff that maybe he should focus on his goals and goal setting. According to Locke and Latham (2002), a goal is â€Å"an objective or aim of action defined as attaining a specific standard of proficiency on a task, usually within a specified time limit†. McClements (1982) has made a distinction between different types of goals, namely subjective, general objective and specific goals. Evidence suggests that certain types of goals are more useful in changing behaviour than other types of goals. Studies have also shown that explicit goals are more effective than general ‘do your best’ goals. Roeloff’s subjective goal is to do his best, his general objective goal win his fight and his specific goal was to make a specific weight by a specific date and to win with a knock out. Roeloff’s fight preparation started in earnest about 6-8 months before his scheduled fight. This is a long time to stay focused on your main goal. I suggested to Roeloff that maybe he can set himself smaller, specific, explicit goals that will lead to his main goals. Some sports psychologists (Bell, 1983; Carron, 1984; Gould, 1983; Harris Harris, 1984; O’Block Evans, 1984) emphasise that setting more immediate short-range goals is important. In their meta-analysis Kyllo Landers (1995) showed the superiority of combining short- and long-term goals. Recent research has also revealed that both short- and long-range goals are needed to maintain motivation and performance (Weinberg, Butt Knight, 2001) By setting short-range goals, Roeloff will be able to see immediate improvement and this should enhance his motivation. By setting smaller weight cutting milestones, he will be able to see what he has done so far, and that he has achieved his short-range goal, and motivate him to make the next milestone or goal, and not lose sight of his main goal, making weight at the EFC weight in. My interactions with Roeloff have always been in the form of casual conversations. On one particular Wednesday Roeloff and I had just finished instructing the juniors and were discussing the class when we got on the topic of his upcoming fight. I mentioned that I had been thinking about his biggest obstacle and suggested to him that he set himself smaller goals, which in turn will help him achieve his main goal. Roeloff was very responsive to my suggestions and was eager to try it out. I found it was easy to approach Roeloff with my observations and ideas and he is always open to someone else’s ideas and views. SECTION D – Feedback A few months after giving Roeloff my suggestions he came to me one night and said that he had done a little research of his own about my suggestions. He decided to give it a shot and see what happens. After all, he had nothing to lose. He set himself smaller goals that would ultimately tie in and lead to his long term goal, and while keeping his eye on the main goal, focused mostly on his short-range goals. He found that it worked well for him. He found it easier to stay more focused, and managed to resist more temptation in the process, and sticking to his eating plan more strictly. By doing this, his weight loss was better, and he felt more motivated, and gained a little more self-confidence in his ability to achieve his goals. By being able to stick to his short-range goals, he felt far more positive about achieving his long-range goal. Roeloff said that this is something he will be implementing on a regular basis. It helps him define his goals better and have a clearer picture of what he needs to do in order to achieve what he sets out to do. SECTION E – Overall reflection I have really enjoyed this project and the subject as a whole. I feel that I am very blessed in the fact that I train at Tiger Kai. My head instructor is friends with many professional fighters as well as some of the top trainers in the country, and this has given me the opportunity to get to know so many fine athletes. And I was very blessed to have Roeloff relocate to Tiger Kai and allow me to use him for my project. It was a great experience getting to work with a professional fighter on such a close level, and being given access behind the scenes of an event like EFC and the inner workings of a fighters fight camp. It has been an amazing learning experience and has deepened my interest in Sports Psychology. I have had no illusions about the mental and physical aspects of being a fighter (as I have done martial arts myself for 13 years now), but I now I have a deeper understanding of some of the aspects that are not quite so visible to others around the fighter, and how these can also affect a fighters performance. CONCLUSION There are many factors, both mental and physical, that affect the performance of athletes. An athlete faces many challenges, both physically and mentally, which need to be overcome in order to achieve their goal, which is to be the best at their chosen sport. Sometimes, these challenges may seem insurmountable to some athletes, but with the right type of assistance, these challenges and obstacles can be overcome. REFERENCES Locke, E.A. Latham, G.P. (1990). A theory of Goal Setting and Task Performance. Englewood Cliffs, N.J: Prentice-Hall Hanton, S., Melleliu, S.D. O’Brien, M. (2006). The effects of goal setting on rugby performance: Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis, 39, 257-261. Smith, S.L. Ward, P. (2006). Behavioural interventions to improve performance in collegiate football. Journal of Applied Behaviour Analysis. 39, 385-391. Weinberg, R.S. (2003). Goal setting in Sport and Exercise: Results, Methodological issues and further directions for Research. Weinberg, R., Bruya, L., Longine. J. Jackson, A. (1988). Effect of Goal proaximity and specificity on endurance performance of primary-grade children. Journal of Sport and Exercise Psychology, 10, 81-91 Williams, J.M. (Ed.). (2009). Applied Sport Psychology: Personal growth to peak performance (6th ed.). New York: McGraw Hill.