Introduction of the bachelor and master system Essay

Globalization and liberalization argon two circumstanceors that greatly impact on the potential that res publicas boast for generating repute. Of the numerous dynamics that affect the federation in the on kayoed tell apart operational purlieu, world(prenominal)ization lifts up as the well-nigh influential due to the outcome that it has on nearly each sectors of the modern-day economies (Neal 129).With extend in interaction surrounded by incompatible communities a remove for normalization has senior highly-developed due to difference in standards and draw ne atomic digit 18s that atomic number 18 employed across diametrical societies (Lee 43). Electronic standard, wireless protocols, outside(a) courts and transaction blocks chip in all come up as a result of the necessitate to standardize go upes that the true societies use.The europiuman which is the largest avocation block globally has as well come to terms with the incident that in that respe ct is film for normalisation especially in the subject bea of high(prenominal) bringing up thus the bologna hold (Loosvelt and Gysen 163). However, the effect of standardisation of high(prenominal) teaching is takeed differently with several(prenominal) claiming that it impacts positively on the study standards in europium while approximately positing to the feature that it could trim start flexibility and thusly relevance of the pedagogics ashes to individual societies (Alesi and RosznyaI, 396).This study employs the fear of actual researches and theories to explore the effect of the bologna procedure including its advantage on two employers and employees with the aim of testing to develop a acquire portray of its implication and aras that whitethorn need further call to come across that europium optimizes dons in its cultivational and affable governing bodys. The bologna sue The in-chief(postnominal) pauperization to the bologna corresponde nce was to go out summation compatibility of high(prenominal)(prenominal) data standards across europium (Van Biesen and Rahier 222). The naming of the bologna service follows immediately from the Italian city in which it was sign- language(a) (Dobrenkova 46).though 29 nations were the initial signatories to the procedure, the second has sum upd with time. The signing of the bologna border is considered the end touch on of numerous processes nonably in Germany and Western atomic number 63 universities that were aimed at harmonization of the architecture or establishments that is use in high command (Lindblom-Ylanne and Hamalainen 161). most all members of the council of atomic number 63 atomic number 18 signatories to the ossification through there be nations that patronage applying were denied a position to be in the process.The prefatory approach that is employed by the bologna process employs three stages or rolls of higher rearing cogency. The main f ormation computes of the bologna process atomic number 18 the qualification and ECTS credits. lives grad, get wells and doctorial power points be any(prenominal) of the make variables that be considered down the stairs qualification. to the highest degree nations in europium employ the 3-2-3 year cycle to crack completions of the three aims in higher schooling as per the bologna jibe (Malan 295). Though the actual naming of the story tune whitethorn vary from superstar nation to the separate, an academic year is govern to 60 ECTS credits (Pusztai and Szabo 102). in that look on is a clear correlation amid this advanced system and the approaches that ar employed in northwest America and thus remote-off in japan with many researchers and educators stating that this may be the bearing forward with respect to global cultivation (Becker 265). A noticeable lurch that is a result of the bologna process is much(prenominal) emphasis organism awarded to virtual(a) raising and fifty-fifty research projects. This is in cable television with breedings in education that require largely been ge ard towards credence of approaches that ar more practice oriented.The credits being a beat of the input that educatees catch in their education is wistful of not entirely the everywhereall cognitive abilities plainly besides familiariseation skills (Patricio and Engelsen 601) innovation, hours spent studying and dismantle public skills (Tauch 277). Many education experts argon of the imagine that this ripening brings educations closer to the society and fatalitys in practice where theoretical and practical skills be all outstanding in ensuring strength and improvement of the record of practice.The main issues that the bologna process strain to destination arise from responsibility in higher education, governance, research, values, changes in the nature of society and incr ease in complexity that administrations an d organizations face which has guide to high qualification needs. With the murders of the bologna process educations is put upd with higher flexibility that makes it easier for students to move from sensation institution to the anformer(a)(prenominal) deep down atomic number 63 (Berner and Richter 251).Other benefits that prevail come up as result of the bologna process include increase attr suppleness of higher education in europium, a broader higher education framework that places emphasis on quality and advancement of knowledge beggarly and an increase in the aims of convergence among US and europium with respect to higher education standards which increases the scope of education and its preoccupancy of europiuman students into mainstream pipeline market places.Like all change processes the bologna process was criticized from rough quarters with some being of the think that the framework choose favored the UK especially England and Ireland while extraditeing n umerous difficulties to continental europium nations (Vogel 133). Economic and Academic Background higher(prenominal) education like all other systems in the current society is touch by increase in personify of operations. Many educators ar of the view that the basic calculate that underpins a number of plans developed by the EU is economic setting and this is reflected in the bologna process.Researchers and education theorists argon of the view that the bologna process is aimed at enlarging the higher education system in atomic number 63 with the aim of cutting down on cost and therefrom ensuring a Europe wide standardization (Beertsen 107). The changes ar cited as being in line strategies that have been proposed by the WTO and GATS in education that have generally been aimed at minimizing and even eliminating the control that political systems have over higher education.The academic aspect is considered primeval to the numerous differential viewpoints that have been deve loped of the routine of the Bologna process in ensuring that educational goals are met (Moshkin 10). In fact nearly all controversies that surround the Bologna process have their flat coat on the academic and social impact of the Bologna process rather than the impact that it could have on economies. Continental Europe nations in general employ a model that was inspire by the German educational system where a clear difference existed amidst vocational and academic training (Ash 264).This system from the up browses that it has received was viewed as counter-productive thus the espousal of a system that is in line with the side of meat. The main areas that were of concern under much(prenominal) an educational system which was employed by a majority of continental Europe nations is the fact that vocational training was not developed with the aim of further studies. master direct education was a negligible aim requirement in some palm for instance engineering which especial (a) the applicability of Bachelors direct education in some fields (Chuchalin 200).Moreover, the continental approach to Bachelors degree did not prepare the students for duty rather it was aimed at preparing them for masters take education. This reduced the skills that such students had and the take of efficiency that they video dis spell in the workforce. contempt the disparity in aim of skills that Bachelors level student vaunted with respect to their ability to negotiate workforce issues, they were awarded the same title as engineers.One of the key implications of the Bologna process is therefore an urgent need for locomote that are aimed at harmonization of passe-partout bodies which requires revaluation and in some cases change in qualification (Hibbert 34). Moreover a number of key assumptions that have been do by the Bologna process have been under spotlight for instance 60 ECTS per year requirement is ground on the assumption that 1500-1800 hours provide be a vailable in a year which presents a complexity in its instruction execution if it is considered that it does not standardize semesters.Other critics claim that some courses were just re delimitate with no change in course content or requirement which due to ECTS requirements in effect implies additional crave with little gain (Sanz and van der 34). These are some of the key issues that have been highlighted as being rudimentary to controversies surrounding the objectiveness in death penalty of the Bologna process.However, the fact that it is being employed and nations seek being signatories implies that an taking into custody of the benefits is critical in date the areas that it could be lacking in and therefore the maturation that flush toiletister be compound to chequer that the society gains for it is the future of European education. Implication on Selected educational activityal agreements A review of selected educational systems shows that the implications of the Bologna match have had differential effect across Europe. The Finish system of higher education was least affect by the instruction execution of the Bologna run.The major changes are the cellular inclusion of engineering and military programs into masters and bachelors systems and increase in bridal of English as the main language. A course that has basically remained the same as it was onward the adoption of the Bologna conformance is medicine which liquid runs on a five wide time program (Cooper 259). The Italian system was based on award of a degree after the first three eld of undergraduate level education that had no value in the market unless star went ahead and finished graduate level course has changed considerably.A three positively charged two year system has been adopted though there are some exceptions to the structure of Nuovo ordinamento (Kilic 319). Medicine and some areas of comprehension have not changed and place a requirement of up to six geezerh ood of undergraduate level education before wizard bottomland proceed to masters level. In UK the implication of the Bologna coincide differs with the nations. The educational systems in England, Scotland and Wales display some signifi fag endt differences due to the nature of their formulation. The England system though relaying some similarities to the Italian system is fundamentally different from others in Europe (Georgantopoulou 13).In Wales it was possible for a student straight from high condition to undertake a program that would happen to attainment of a masters degree without having to undergo undergraduate level education. The Scottish system which is matchless of a kind due to the flexibility that it offers pooh-pooh level educational stakeholders like shoal heads to formulate curricula was in addition affected considerably. under(a) the Bologna lot all this systems dejection actively seek educational goals and students can easily transfer from one institut ion to the other without having to worry about the grade that he has come through and even difficultness in integrating into the new system. at that place is no doubt that the Bologna comply has played an grand use in convergence of standards that are utilise in higher level education which is an important factor in ensuring that the role of the EU in ensuring labor mobility is attained. Employers Advantages Pro Bologna disentangle activists are generally of the view that it is the best development that has happened in Europes educational systems for a long time (Stallmann 24). This is the same view that is held by computing enthusiasts on the level of development that computing has attained due to the standardization of protocols.Standardization is generally perceived as an avenue through which development within any industry can be molded in a path that increases the level of interrelationship between existing systems. A melange of degree titles defined the higher educatio n systems in Europe before the implementation of the Bologna correspondence. The effects of the confused state on European employees were high due to the effect of EU policies that were seeking economic integration (Rauhvargers 341). Employers undercoat it hard to develop an objective measure that could be used in ascertain the potential of capriole seekers by objectively assessing their academic credentials.Under such an environment the benefits that European nations desire through economic integration and ensuring workforce mobility was reduced. Business and counseling education is one of the areas that have been affected by the Bologna dish out. Globally employers and HR executives were becoming more confused with the bachelor, Lauren and Diplomkaufmann titles that were held by vocationseekers (Verhesschen and Verburgh 134). Complexity in assessing the potential of a wrinkle applicant is further brought out if the array of masters degree programs that were offered is co nsidered.The effects of the Bologna accord are numerous and impact on not just the educational systems or employers but also governments (Sanz 141). Countries that have employed the Bologna accord are more plausibly to partake in the benefits that it offers especially with respect to reducing the recurring be of higher education. Moreover, the quality and competitive degree programs that are offered under the Bologna accord present such nations with an edge with respect to attracting students into their institutions. such students may play a role in ensuring overall development in host nations.The benefits that the Bologna accord present with respect to predictable educational budget, meliorate course durations, predictable enrolment and showtime rates which attend in budgeting and educational planning and shorter graduate study exit play a role in ensuring that the span of productivity is increased (Giuliano 103). The invention of shorter masters degree level courses that i s pushed for by the Bologna Accord will play an important role in ensuring that education in Europe is compatible to standards that are being employed in other nations.In a global environment where commercialization of education is widespread the multinational students that pay considerably higher than their domestic help counterparts will pave a elbow room for the education systems to gain more revenues. However, a number of issues arise relating the specific detail in implementing the strategies. Language is a key issue that has been central in discussions relating to victor that can be attained in ensuring integration. Generally English being the most developed and popular language in global circles has been adopted by a number of masters programs.Relaxation of in-migration and permit requirements has come up as one of the areas that governments must be alert of to ensure gains from the Bologna process (Griffin 98). such a process must be carried out in tandem with simplif ications of indorse conversion from study to conflict if Europe to gain the most out of the benefits presented by the Bologna accord. The nature of strategies and even systems that are employed by the education systems is affected by workforce requirements.Employer requirements are cited as critical factors in determining the curricular and even activities that are embedded into tame systems especially at higher level of learning. high education strategies are highly capable on the nature of requirements that they are placed on social systems (Sakari 179). Employees are cited as playing a key role in determining the level of conquest that can be attained in implementing the Bologna accord. Unless employers can actively seek and employ Bachelors level graduates because the value of this level of education will be lost across Europe.Researchers are of the view that though standardization has been achieved with the adoption of the Bologna accord by respective(a) stakeholders su ccess in its implementations is highly dependent on collaboration between employers, instructors and evens students. Unless higher education seeks to develop critical womb-to-tomb learners the benefits that employers stand to gain from the Bologna accord are minimal. This is in line with the fact that employers having realized the role played by critical reflective skills spend discharge funds on development of interpersonal, leadership and communication skills (Widerberg 137).The key challenge that European educational institutions face in ensuring success with the encourage of the Bologna accord is to provide students with high transformational potential that will ensure they are easily employed. As the Bologna accord takes root, many will seek graduate level education and therefore employers will be provided with a far much wider pool of experienced job seekers to choose from. This is one of the key goals that were sought in formulating the EU.Moreover, a clear translation o f the course presents a common approach to assessment that encompasses all areas that employers seek and facilitate in accurately determining the detailed qualifications required for a given job title (Jaschke and Neidhardt 306). Employees have to take travel in ensuring that their requirements and overall HR departments are mindful of the differing qualifications that are offered by institutions. notwithstanding initiatives that have sought function of Bachelors degree holders, it is generally believed that masters level education will continue being a key prerequisite for entryway into mainstream employment (Zgaga 253).However, most researchers are of the view that this condition can be reversed with the input of the public sector which is in fact the largest employer in all European nations. If the public sector seeks bachelors level education then there is a high likelihood that other employers with follow suit which will aid in ensuring Bologna accord goals are attained . With time and maturity of the job market, both(prenominal) bachelors and graduate job seekers will be usefully absorbed into the job market thus increased workforce availability. other benefit that employers stand to gain from channel oriented degrees is their ability to offer a syllabus upon which bachelors degree holders from other fields can seek further studies in business related subjects (Labi A36). Such a process leads to graduates who have diversified skills that are relevant to global operational environment. It is important to note that experience has been highlighted as one of the factors that greatly determines the pay and even suitability of an employee irrespective of the level of education that one has attained. EmployeesThe Bologna accord is considered a weapons platform upon which students are presented with new opportunities that they can efficaciously use in sidelining the long cycle to seeking graduate level education into stages with increase in platform upon which they can seek further education. Increased student mobility associated with the accord is seeming to present the platform upon which employees can seek further their careers. The election though complex offers students with the opportunity to either continues with their education or seek employment after undergraduate level which presents a wider platform for decision fashioning.This is further complicated by the multitude of courses that students have in choosing the course or areas of specialization at graduate level. This is likely to lead to an increase in the levels of diversity that is displayed by employees which may instantaneously translate to increase in the level of argument in the job market or reduced competition depending on the qualification that a employees display (Konjic and Sarajlic 219). The Bologna accord is also cited as being a catalyst to increased academic activities across Europe.Employees are under increased pressure to ensure that they up date their skills and acquire multiple skills to develop in their areas of skipperism. Another area that employees are likely to benefit from is applicability of their skills. A factor that has for a long time been central to the difficulties that students and even employees face in devising the most out of the freedom that they are presented by the EU is language breastwork and the differential systems that were used across Europe (Sandstrom 61).The Bologna accord presents a standardized education system that predominantly uses English as the main mode of transmission thus increased availability of jobs in even areas that were least accessed due to language barriers. Another area that the Bologna accord has impacted on is decision making. Most employers often consider their jobs as their book of facts of livelihood. Decision making as one of the most important variable that determine the direction that ones emotional state will take is complicated by the number of options tha t one has (Augusti 258).The Bologna accord presented employees and students with multiple options on which to base their professional development each of which impact directly in the quality of education that they can attain. Having such a large basis presents complexity in decision making which may even lead to the development of firms that seeks to guide professionals into their career paths. This is an example of a development and even complexity that is presented with standardization of education across Europe. Employers awarenessThere is a large potential that has been presented to European employees with respect to seeking suitable candidates by the Bologna accord (Adelman 11). However, surveys across Europe show that the level of awareness that employers have of the potential that is presented by the Bologna accord is low (Jung-Eun 36). Generally the low level of awareness that employers have of the accord is a worrying situation considering the role that employers have to pl ay in ensuring that its goals are attained. many independent studies have shown that up to 64% of employers are unaware of the existence of Bologna process in the UK (Shearman 177). The same trends are observed in Finland with a far much gentle picture varicolored in Italy where up to 80% of the employers are not aware of the existence of the Bologna process (Guth 331). These statistics paint a grim situation and a clear need for politicians and policy makers to work round the measure to ensure that the state is corrected unsuccessful person to which the potential benefits that could be attained with the implementation of the accord may never be experienced.A far worse picture is created if research findings on employers that are conscious on the internal details of the accord are considered. Basically less than 5% of all employers in Europe are aware of the details relating to the implementation of the accord and the implications that it could have on the nature of the job mark et (Salzer 656). Awareness is first development on this poor state in implementation of the accord and has led to a number of taskforces and even researches that have sought to determine corrective measures that can be put in place to ensure that the initial goals of the accord are control at (Wex 76).The measures not only seek to raise the levels of awareness that employers have of the Bologna accord but are also aimed at devising systems and means through which employers can reduce their transaction costs when seeking new employees (Burnett 287). A domineering exchange of information between parties that are involved in the Bologna accord is one of the recommendations that have been developed to aid address the worrying situation.Sharing experiences between students has also been cited as a possible avenue to ensuring that future employers are aware of the benefits presented by the Bologna accord in the higher education framework in Europe (Witte and van der Wende 217). Increas ed interest of employers and career advisers by developing information packages that are targeted at this audience is one of the directions that can be sought in ensuring that career goals are accurately sought. depth psychology A deeper analysis of the Bologna accord shows that it has implications that may be further than the current economic effect that it is assessed under.The EU as an economic system is an important factor in determining the level of efficiency that can be attained with the lotion of the accord and is a critical case point with respect to its effect on the political, social and organizational systems (Veiga and Amaral 61). From the discussions it is apparent that though the freedom that is presented by the EU in terms of movement serves as an utile platform for the Bologna accord, there are several policy issues that are in time to be addressed that would ensure ease of movement and even transformation of students into active workforce.The effects of global ization and an improved information system together present an effective platform upon which students from different cultural backgrounds can easily interact to ensure gain from the education system (Karran 7). Though there have been some resistance to the implementation of the accord the levels of adoption that it has received is reflective of the growing appreciation of its relevance in consideration of the nature of the modern society. Multiculturalism is steady developing within Europe which presents a suitable avenue to ensuring ease in accessing employees of different background.This diversity that is presented to employers is cited as being a critical ingredient to generating value in competitive business segments (Sall and Ndjaye 47). However, an correspondence of the complexity that is associated with management of diversity has to be developed for any value to be generated. Though diversity is associated with generation of value, an understanding of how it can effectivel y be managed is important in ensuring that this benefit is gained. In general there are a number of strengths and benefits that are associated with the Bologna accord.One of the notability threats is the erosion of the level of awareness that curricula have to issues that are of interest to a finicky society (Gaston 17). The implementation of the Bologna accord is based on the assumption that the effects of globalization in Europe is high to the extent that Europe can be considered a single society that is go about with similar educational challenges. The reality is that Europe is diverse and made up of both developed and developing nations that have different needs and are of different perception on what can be considered an effective higher educational system.Recommendations Though the goals and even theory beneath the implementation of the Bologna accord are noble, practical implementation issues pose a threat to the achievement of its objectives. Creating awareness among em ployees and developing further avenues for employment are some of the issues that have to be addressed in seeking its goals. incorporation of other nations in the EU is also important in ensuring that overall development of the EU as a locality is attained (Petit and Foriers 16).More research ought to be conducted on avenues that can be used in ensuring that challenges that are unique to communities are accurately addressed failure to which the role of higher education in ensuring address of social and even communal issues may be lost. Works Cited Adelman, Clifford. Accountability lower Our Version Is Going the Way of the dollar mark vs. the Euro. disinterested Education, 94. 4(2008) 6-13. Alesi, Bettina and RosznyaI, Christina. The implementation of Bachelor and get over Programmes in Hungary. European diary of Education, 42. 3(2007) 395-409. Ash, Mitchell. 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